Phlebotomy

Von Judith Gopo, BS, MT

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Phlebotomy is the process of making an incision in a vein with a needle for the purpose of drawing blood for medical testing, transfusions, or research. This essential clinical skill forms the foundation of laboratory medicine, as accurate blood collection directly impacts the reliability of diagnostic results that guide patient care decisions. Mastering proper phlebotomy techniques is critical for healthcare professionals across all specialties, as improper collection can lead to erroneous lab values, unnecessary repeat procedures, patient discomfort, and potential complications such as hematomas, nerve damage, or infection.

Prior to studying phlebotomy, students should have a basic understanding of human anatomy, particularly the venous system, as well as infection control principles. The clinical relevance of phlebotomy extends far beyond the technical aspects of blood collection—it represents a critical intersection between patient interaction and clinical diagnosis. Healthcare providers who demonstrate competency in various blood collection methods (including standard venipuncture, butterfly needles, and specialized techniques for pediatric patients) contribute significantly to patient safety, comfort, and diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, understanding the complete process, from proper specimen handling to maintaining chain of custody, ensures that laboratory results accurately reflect the patient's physiological state, forming the basis for appropriate medical interventions.