Year 1 - Phase 1: Preclerkship

Introduction and Organization – Launching Pad for Cell Biology	03:40
Relative Size of Life – Launching Pad for Cell Biology	01:25
Cell Forms Comparison – Launching Pad for Cell Biology	02:24
Homeostasis – Launching Pad for Cell Biology	05:35
Importance of Chemistry for Biology – Chemistry	01:01
Atomic Structure – Chemistry	03:58
Chemical Behavior – Chemistry	06:06
Periodic Table for Biology – Chemistry	05:26
Covalent Bond – How Atoms Come Together to Form a Molecule	03:37
Ionic Bonds – How Atoms Come Together to Form a Molecule	02:49
Hydrogen Bonds – How Atoms Come Together to Form a Molecule	03:26
Ph Scale – How Atoms Come Together to Form a Molecule	02:13
Ph Homeostasis – How Atoms Come Together to Form a Molecule	04:12
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to Cell Biology“

How Macromolecules Come Together	06:17
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions	01:54
Glucose	05:05
Polysaccharides	03:20
Introduction to Proteins	00:55
Polypeptide Chain	02:10
Four Levels of Organization	07:45
Nucleic Acids	04:35
DNA and RNA	01:59
Hydrogen Bond Zipper and ATP	02:22
Lipids, Fats and Oils	06:49
Phospholipids	03:43
Quiz zum Kurs „The Macromolecules of Life“

Cellular Structure: Introduction	03:44
Nucleus and Ribosomes	03:30
Endomembrane System	01:41
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus	02:42
Lysosomes	02:47
Mitochondria and Origins of Eukaryotic Cells	04:06
Membranes: Introduction	00:56
Fluid Mosaic Model	04:53
Role of Cell Membrane Proteins	03:36
How Proteins Anchor Themselves in the Membrane	03:04
Cytoskeleton	05:29
Transport and Network of Proteins	03:13
Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement	02:41
Cell Identity	03:09
Three Types of Cell Junctions	04:38
Passive Transport – Transport Across Cell Membranes	07:02
Osmosis and Tonicity – Transport Across Cell Membranes	07:32
Active Transport – Transport Across Cell Membranes	07:56
Bulk Transport – Transport Across Cell Membranes	04:52
Modes of Cell Communication: Introduction	03:07
Modes of Cell Communication: Overview	05:35
Phosphorylation – Modes of Cell Communication	03:20
Cell Surface Receptors – Modes of Cell Communication	04:35
Intracellular Receptors – Modes of Cell Communication	04:57
Second Messenger Systems: Overview	01:59
Second Messenger Systems: Definition	03:35
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways – Second Messenger Systems	12:42
G-protein Coupled Receptors – Second Messenger Systems	07:50
Recap – Second Messenger Systems	02:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Cellular Structure“

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Control: Introduction	02:43
Cell Cycle Controls	09:12
Growth Factors	02:45
P53 Gene	02:55
Mutated Genes	05:10
Two Hit Hypothesis	02:41
Mitosis: Overview	01:26
Language of Chromosomes – Mitosis	02:59
Eukaryotic Chromosomes – Mitosis	02:53
Cell Division – Mitosis	01:39
Interphase and Prophase – Mitosis	02:23
Prometaphase, Metaphase and Anaphase – Mitosis	03:43
Telophase and Cytokinesis – Mitosis	04:33
Introduction and Reduce of Chromosomes – Meiosis	06:23
Homologous Chromosome Pairs – Meiosis	03:02
Meiosis I: Prophase I	02:05
Meiosis I: Metaphase I	04:06
Meiosis I: Anaphase I and Telophase I	01:49
Meiosis II: Phases	03:49
Human Karyotype – Meiosis	01:26
Meiosis in Humans	03:25
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis – Cell Division	03:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Cell Cycle and Cell Division“

Definition of Energy	02:42
Laws of Thermodynamics	04:12
Chemical, Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions	03:30
Activation Energy of Reactions	02:11
ATP	02:27
Bicarbonate Buffering System	04:12
Activation and Inhibition	02:56
Assisting Enzymes	02:20
Biochemical Pathways	03:07
Pyruvate Oxidation and Glycolysis: Overview	06:30
Recycling of NADH	02:02
Pyruvate Oxidation	01:38
Anaerobic Glycolysis	04:27
A Review of Glycolysis	02:23
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis	02:18
Krebs Cycle	07:08
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)	02:03
Electrochemical Gradient	04:10
ATP Synthase	02:57
Cell Respiration	06:00
Proteins, Catabolism of Fats and Metabolic Regulation: Introduction	01:15
Entry Points into Cellular Respiration	02:10
Catabolism of Fats and Proteins	03:43
Metabolic Pathways	03:41
Process of Metabolism	03:56
Quiz zum Kurs „Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism“

Classical Genetic Assumptions – Classic Mendelian Genetics	02:42
Mendel's Investigations of the Pea Plant – Classic Mendelian Genetics	04:34
Monohybrid Crosses – Classic Mendelian Genetics	04:20
Mendel's Principles and Meiosis – Classic Mendelian Genetics	03:49
Human Pedigrees – Classic Mendelian Genetics	03:39
Dihybrid Crosses – Classic Mendelian Genetics	04:58
Principle of Independent Assortment – Classic Mendelian Genetics	02:15
Rules of Addition and Multiplication – Beyond Gregor Mendel	04:08
Predicting the Outcome of a Cross – Beyond Gregor Mendel	05:20
Test Cross: Uncover Genotypes – Beyond Gregor Mendel	02:15
Polygenic and Pleiotropic Inheritance – Beyond Gregor Mendel	06:01
Multiple Alleles and Incomplete Dominance – Beyond Gregor Mendel	04:28
Phenotypes Affected by Environment and Epistasis – Beyond Gregor Mendel	05:46
Linking Mendel and Chromosomes – Chromosome Theory and Sex Linkage	03:43
Sex Chromosomes – Chromosome Theory and Sex Linkage	01:11
Sex Linked Genetic Disorders – Chromosome Theory and Sex Linkage	06:49
Chromosome Theory: Exceptions – Chromosome Theory and Sex Linkage	03:14
Epigenetic Factors – Chromosome Theory and Sex Linkage	04:29
Recombination of Chromosomes – Gene Mapping	04:29
Percent Recombination – Gene Mapping	01:18
How to Create a Genetic Map – Gene Mapping	04:11
How to Avoid Missed Double Crossovers – Gene Mapping	02:28
Usage of Physical Maps – Gene Mapping	01:53
Structure of DNA and RNA – DNA Structure and Replication	03:55
Prokaryotic Replication – DNA Structure and Replication	05:29
The Enzymes of Replication – DNA Structure and Replication	02:54
Closer Look at Replisome – DNA Structure and Replication	05:07
Eukaryotic Replication – DNA Structure and Replication	04:51
Quiz zum Kurs „Understanding Genetics“

One Gene One Polypeptide Hypothesis	04:15
Overview of Transcription and Translation	02:12
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes	01:37
Types of RNA	02:18
How to Translate the Genetic Code	05:28
Transcription: Introduction	04:29
Elongation of mRNA	02:47
Prokaryotic Transcription	01:21
Eukaryotic Transcription	03:33
Post-transcriptional Modifications	01:54
Post-transcriptional Modification: Splicing	05:28
Charging of tRNA	03:35
Ribosome	01:46
Initiation of Translation	01:50
Elongation of Translation	06:46
Termination of Translation	04:02
Gene Expression – Translation and Summary	03:26
Quiz zum Kurs „Gene Expression“

Proofread and Repair Mechanisms	04:45
Mutations in General	03:19
Single Nucleotide Mutations	01:43
Frameshift Mutations	03:03
Chromosomal Mutations	02:41
Quiz zum Kurs „DNA Repair & Genetic Mutations“

Binding Motifs	06:51
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic mRNA	01:24
Prokaryotic Gene Expression	03:16
Inducible Operons	05:06
Repressible Operons	02:48
Other Levels of Prokaryotic Gene Regulation	01:55
The Levels of Eukaryotic Gene Expression	03:56
Transcriptional Control	05:12
Impact of Chromatin on Transcription	04:52
RNA Interference, AlterRNAtive Splicing and RNA Editing	04:28
Other Levels of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation	03:54
Quiz zum Kurs „Gene Regulation“

Recombinant DNA	02:16
Cutting the DNA	02:58
Gel Electrophoresis	04:47
Bacterial Transformation	01:45
Molecular Cloning	05:09
Host-vector Systems	02:11
Transforming Eukaryotic Cells	02:37
CRISPR-Cas9 System	04:26
Polymerase Chain Reaction	04:49
DNA Libraries	04:44
Probes and Blotting Methods	05:26
DNA Fingerprinting	03:53
Short Tandem Repeats	05:36
Biotechnology in Medicine	06:14
Biotechnology in Agriculture	04:49
Transgenic Animals	01:35
Quiz zum Kurs „Biotechnology“

Restriction Mapping	03:49
Cytological Maps	03:14
Sequence Tagged Sites	04:46
Sanger Sequencing	07:31
Sequencing Larger Genomes	05:06
Comparative Genome Analysis	04:24
Coding and Noncoding DNA Sequences	04:13
Transposable Elements	05:29
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms	03:38
BRCA2 Gene	03:48
Expressed Sequence Tags	03:20
Using Microarrays to Detect Cancers – Genomics	04:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Genomics“

Medical Genetics History	03:52
Genetic Diseases: Categories	05:15
Review: Cell and Molecular Biology Course	05:31
Review: Genome Mapping	03:49
Review: Epigenetic Regulation, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and Cytogenetics	03:26
Review: Point Mutations, Triplet Repeats, Chromosomal Mutations	05:47
Goldilocks Principle	05:55
Monoallelic Expression	06:04
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to Medical Genetics“

Nondisjunction	08:23
Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21	07:35
Down Syndrome: Variations	05:16
Autosomes: Structural Abnormalities	04:26
Translocation	03:58
Segregation of Chromosomes with Inversions	03:51
Autosomal Disorders and Genomic Imprinting	06:27
Prader-Willi Syndrome	03:15
Angelman Syndrome	06:55
Sex Chromosomes	08:29
Chromosomal and Gonadal Sex: Inconsistencies	04:08
46,XY Karyotype: Disorders	05:29
46,XX Karyotype: Disorders	04:40
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies	04:44
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities	06:01
Quiz zum Kurs „Chromosomal Disorders“

Terminology & Concept Recap	04:54
The Pedigree	04:01
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance	08:49
Autosomal Recessive Disorders	04:04
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance	09:01
Autosomal Dominant Disorders	04:15
X-linked Inheritance	07:15
X-linked Recessive Inheritance	05:43
X-linked Recessive Disorders	04:03
X-linked Dominant Inheritance	05:07
X-linked Dominant Disorders	05:38
Expansions and Huntington's Disease	07:49
Fragile X Syndrome: CGG Expanding Repeat	03:33
Mitochondrial DNA Inheritance	04:21
Quiz zum Kurs „Single-Gene Disorders“

Multifactorial Inheritance: Introduction	03:29
Qualitative Traits: Risk Assessment	04:06
Quantitative Traits: Risk assessment	05:35
Multifactorial Gene Disorders: Examples	05:31
Bipolar Disorder and Coronary Artery Disease	03:23
Thrombosis and Hirschsprung Disease	09:56
Type 1 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease	05:32
Quiz zum Kurs „Multifactorial Inheritance“

Population Genetics: Introduction	05:15
Allelic Frequencies	05:33
Hardy-Weinberg Principle	04:40
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions	04:39
Phenylketonuria (PKU)	07:34
Hardy-Weinberg in X-Linked Disease	02:50
Genetic Variation: Responsible Factors	09:18
Cancer Genetics	07:47
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes: Review	04:46
Heredity and Cancer	05:56
Expression Profiling in Prognosis	03:02
Genetic Counseling	06:44
Prenatal Screening	07:40
Prenatal Diagnosis	05:50
Quiz zum Kurs „Population Genetics“

Overview – Introduction to Biochemistry	03:46
History – Introduction to Biochemistry	05:43
Structure – Amino Acids	06:38
R-group Categories – Amino Acids	02:10
Hydrophobic R-groups – Amino Acids	05:33
Hydrophilic and Ionic R-groups – Amino Acids	04:56
Ionization – Amino Acids	07:17
Peptide Bonds – Peptides	03:19
Polypeptides – Peptides	04:17
Levels of Protein Structure and Primary Structure – Peptides	02:58
Secondary Structure – Peptides	08:13
Tertiary Structure – Peptides	05:40
Quaternary Structure and Summary – Peptides	03:19
Structure of Proteins – Protein Movement and Cell Signaling	04:45
Globular Structural Proteins – Protein Movement and Cell Signaling	02:19
Communication and Signaling – Protein Movement and Cell Signaling	07:39
Involved Proteins – Protein Movement and Cell Signaling	05:07
Antibodies – Protein Functions	02:57
Gene Expression – Protein Functions	03:36
Catalysis – Protein Functions	05:11
Protein Transport – Protein Functions	02:11
Oxygen Transport – Protein Functions	05:17
Sodium-potassium ATPase – Protein Functions	04:28
Saccharides – Simple Carbohydrates	01:54
Common Sugars: Nomenclature & Structure – Simple Carbohydrates	06:35
Cyclization & Cyclic Forms – Simple Carbohydrates	06:34
Modified Sugars – Simple Carbohydrates	02:17
Glycosides and Disaccharides – Complex Carbohydrates	03:34
Polysaccharides – Complex Carbohydrates	04:01
Lipid Links – Complex Carbohydrates	02:48
Glycosaminoglycans – Complex Carbohydrates	03:53
Protein Links – Complex Carbohydrates	04:55
Peptidoglycans – Complex Carbohydrates	02:31
Proteoglycans – Complex Carbohydrates	02:55
Overview and Introduction on Fatty Acids – Lipids	03:25
Fatty Acids – Lipids	03:49
Glycerolipids and Glycerophospholipids – Lipids	05:06
Sphingolipids – Lipids	02:43
Polyketides – Lipids	01:01
Overview, Isoprenoids and Sterols – Lipids	03:51
Steroid Hormones – Lipids	03:14
Other Lipids and Their Function – Lipids	06:03
Fat Soluble Vitamins – Lipids	04:36
Structure of Membranes – Biological Membranes	01:12
Lipid Bilayer – Biological Membranes	02:17
Bilayer Composition – Biological Membranes	06:26
Membrane Fluidity – Biological Membranes	02:13
Diffusion – Biological Membranes	04:59
Active Transport: Sodium-potassium Atpase – Biological Membranes	05:18
Active Transport: Sodium-calcium Exchanger – Biological Membranes	02:49
Transporter and Transport Proteins Types – Biological Membranes	03:11
Ion Channel – Biological Membranes	05:55
Ion Channel Blocker and Opener – Biological Membranes	05:27
Nucleotides – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	04:17
Structure and Topology of DNA – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	05:22
DNA Replication – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	01:14
Transcription – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	06:20
Messenger RNAs – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	04:06
Structure of TRNA and RRNA – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	05:51
Genetic Code – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	04:54
TRNA Charging and Ribosomes – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	02:22
Translation – DNA, RNA and the Genetic Code	04:20
Energy Considerations – Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism	05:40
Metabolism – Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism	07:08
Oxidation and Reduction – Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism	02:46
Electron Carriers – Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism	02:41
Catabolism and Anabolism — Metabolism and Regulation	04:16
Metabolic Pathways – Metabolism and Regulation	02:38
Regulation of Enzymatic Activity – Metabolism and Regulation	04:32
Allosterism – Metabolism and Regulation	03:02
Covalent Modification – Metabolism and Regulation	03:00
Gene Expression – Metabolism and Regulation	02:33
Quiz zum Kurs „Biochemistry: Basics“

Background of Enzymatic Reactions – Enzyme Catalysis	06:38
Enzymes: Activation Energy and Mechanisms — Enzyme Catalysis	04:54
Serine Proteases – Enzyme Catalysis	11:25
Kinetic Considerations – Enzyme Catalysis	07:19
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics – Enzyme Catalysis	04:52
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics: Considerations – Enzyme Classification	04:12
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics: Parameters – Enzyme Classification	06:21
Perfect Enzyme and Lineweaver Burk Plot – Enzyme Classification	05:19
Catalysis Considerations – Enzyme Classification	07:48
Binding of Multiple Substrates – Enzyme Classification	05:37
Classification of Enzymes – Enzyme Classification	03:42
Competitive Reversible Enzyme Inhibition – Enzyme Inhibitors	06:38
Non-competitive Reversible Inhibition – Enzyme Inhibitors	04:04
Uncompetitive Reversible Enzyme Inhibition – Enzyme Inhibitors	03:27
Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition: Suicide – Enzyme Inhibitors	01:51
Quiz zum Kurs „Enzymes and Enzyme Kinetics“

Amino Acid Metabolism: Introduction	02:21
α-ketoglutarate Family and Glutamine Synthesis Uses Glutamine Synthetase	08:10
Proline and Arginine Synthesis	05:39
Serine Family and Methionine Catabolism	06:18
Cysteine Metabolism	04:51
Aspartate Family and Asparagine Metabolism	03:59
Methionine, Threonine and Lysine Metabolism	05:10
Aromatic Family: Tryptophan	04:02
Aromatic Family: Phenylalanine and Tyrosine	05:57
Tyrosine: Precursor of Thyroid Hormones	06:52
Pyruvate Family: Alanine Metabolism	03:31
Leucine (LEU), Valine (VAL), Isoleucine (ILE) and Histidine (HIS) Metabolism	05:59
Amino Acid Catabolism	08:56
Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle and Excretion of Nitrogen	03:12
Glutamate: Central Role	04:58
Urea Cycle	05:07
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Reaction and Citrulline	05:16
Argininosuccinate Synthetase	04:43
Urea Cycle and Disease	03:36
Nitrites and Nitrosamines	04:24
Reactive Nitrogen Species	05:20
Heme: Introduction	02:37
Heme Synthesis	09:07
Porphyrias	02:51
Iron Transport and Storage	08:58
Regulation of Iron Transport	08:49
Hemoglobin and Movement of Oxygen: Introduction	05:10
Cooperativity	06:39
Bohr Effect	05:29
2,3 BPG	05:08
Movement of CO₂	04:43
Fetal Hemoglobin	04:01
Sickle Cell Anemia	06:17
Biochemistry of Bilirubin	05:03
Biochemistry of Bilirubin: Biliverdin Reductase	04:33
Enterohepatic Circulation and Health	05:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Amino Acid Metabolism“

Vitamin A: Introduction	07:08
Vitamin A: Steps in Light Detection	05:54
Vitamin A: Color Detection, Visual Cycle and Retinoic Acid Function	06:03
Vitamin D: Introduction	04:39
Vitamin D3 and Calcium	05:54
Vitamin D and Calcium Levels	05:39
Vitamin D and Intracellular Actions	08:35
Vitamin K	09:35
Vitamin E	08:05
Vitamin B12	06:44
Folate Metabolism and Recycling	07:45
Folate Metabolism Overview and Health	04:44
Quiz zum Kurs „Vitamins“

Hormones and Signal Transduction: Introduction	06:46
Receptors and Messengers	09:52
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)	06:01
Actions of the Second Messenger and Protein Kinase A	05:16
β-adrenergic Receptor Signaling	09:17
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling	09:09
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)	07:28
Nuclear Hormone Receptors and Steroid Hormone Signaling	04:26
Non-Hormone Signaling and Nerve Transmission	06:10
Signaling Gone Wild	06:56
HER2 Receptor and Bcr-Abl	05:32
Quiz zum Kurs „Hormones and Signal Transduction“

Introduction – RNA Basics	01:21
Structures and Functions – RNA Basics	05:15
Gene Expression in a Prokaryotic System – RNA Basics	07:37
Lac Operon – RNA Basics	06:38
Eukaryotic Gene Expression – Complexity of RNA Structure	10:05
Epigenetics – Complexity of RNA Structure	02:16
Transcription – Complexity of RNA Structure	05:27
RNA Polymerase – Complexity of RNA Structure	05:34
RNA Processing	06:59
RNA Splicing	07:13
Catalytic RNAs	02:44
RNA Interference	07:50
Genetic Code	10:57
Collagen: Background	05:30
Biochemistry of Collagen	08:53
Clinical Biochemistry	07:58
Quiz zum Kurs „RNA and the Genetic Code“

Introduction – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	02:57
Glycolysis: Glucose –> G6-P –> F6-P – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	04:30
Glycolysis: F6-P –> F1,6-P – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	04:44
Glycolysis: F1,6P –> DHAP – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	03:36
Glycolysis: Dhap –> Ga3-P – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	01:56
Glycolysis: GAP –> 1,3 BPG – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	01:42
Glycolysis: 1,3 BPG –> 3-PG – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	01:31
Glycolysis: 3-PG –> 2-PG – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	07:35
Pyruvate Kinase & Summary Glycolysis – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	02:45
Fate of Pyruvate – Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism	05:59
Gluconeogenesis: Metabolism of Galactose	03:27
Gluconeogenesis: Metabolism of Fructose	04:25
Gluconeogenesis: Synthesis of Glucose	02:33
Gluconeogenesis: Reactions	07:15
Gluconeogenesis: Regulation and Glycolysis	06:58
Glycogen Metabolism: Introduction	01:53
Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogen Breakdown	06:08
Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogen Synthesis	03:35
Glycogen Metabolism: Regulation of Glycogen	10:50
Glycogen Metabolism: Insulin Signaling and Summary	03:34
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: Introduction	02:34
Pathway Overview and Reactions – Part 1	05:02
Pathway Overview and Reactions – Part 2	09:13
Introduction to the Citric Acid Cycle	10:00
Citric Acid Cycle	10:16
Glyoxylate Cycle	05:28
Ketone Body Metabolism	03:33
Quiz zum Kurs „Carbohydrate Metabolism“

DNA Amplification – Analytical Techniques in Biotechnology	10:25
Microarray Analysis – Analytical Techniques in Biotechnology	06:43
Proteomics (2d Gel Analysis) – Analytical Techniques in Biotechnology	06:26
Quiz zum Kurs „Analytical Techniques in Biotechnology“

DNA Replication	03:09
DNA Polymerase	08:08
Other Replication Proteins	06:38
Replication Fork	02:26
Leading and Lagging Strand	05:24
Telomeres	04:35
DNA Repair	05:21
Quiz zum Kurs „DNA Replication and Repair“

Background – Metabolic Control of Enzyme Activity	01:37
Allosteric Control – Metabolic Control of Enzyme Activity	11:13
Covalent Modification Control – Metabolic Control of Enzyme Activity	06:11
Zymogens and Chemical Modifications – Metabolic Control of Enzyme Activity	03:41
Gene Expression Control – Metabolic Control of Enzyme Activity	06:31
Energy Considerations: Catabolic and Anabolic Processes	01:11
Futile Cycle	02:34
Reciprocal Regulation	02:38
Role of the Liver	00:58
Cori Cycle	02:36
Hormonal Control	08:42
Glycogen Metabolism	05:04
Hormonal Control/Signaling	01:49
Control of Fat Metabolism	03:34
Control of Enzyme Activity	01:53
Role of Kinase a and Effect of Insulin	04:12
Pathway Regulation	01:22
Quiz zum Kurs „Metabolic Control“

Fat Breakdown and Synthesis	03:37
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids	09:27
Oxidation of Unsaturated and Other Fatty Acids	05:05
Fatty Acid Synthesis	09:54
Syntheses of Other Fatty Acids	01:51
Steroids and Bile Acids: Mevalonate Pathway I	01:55
Steroids and Bile Acids: Ketone Body Synthesis	03:05
Steroids and Bile Acids: Mevalonate Pathway II	03:59
Steroids and Bile Acids: Cholesterol Synthesis	02:58
Steroids and Bile Acids: Movement of Cholesterol	08:19
Steroids and Bile Acids: Receptor-mediated Endocytosis	00:59
Steroids and Bile Acids: Steroid Hormone Metabolism	03:45
Synthesis of Glycerophospholipids – Membrane Lipid Metabolism	07:20
Synthesis of Sphingolipids – Membrane Lipid Metabolism	03:14
Quiz zum Kurs „Lipid Metabolism“

Nucleotide Metabolism: Introduction and De novo Purine Metabolism	09:11
Paths to Guanine and Adenine Nucleotides	04:06
Purine de novo Metabolism Regulation	04:41
Pyrimidine de novo Metabolism: ATCase Reaction	05:29
Pyrimidine de novo Metabolism: OMP Decarboxylase and Synthesis of UTP & CTP	05:22
Catabolism of Guanine Nucleotides and Adenine Nucleotides	04:15
Catabolism of Guanine & Hypoxanthine and Purine Nucleotide Salvage	06:43
Pyrimidine Catabolism and Salvage Reactions	04:13
Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis and Ribonucleotide Reductase	05:57
Nucleotide Metabolism and Thymidine Metabolism	06:37
Thymidylate Synthase and Recycling of Folates	06:18
Nucleoside Analogs and Deoxyadenosine Analogs	04:51
Analogs: Adenosine, Deoxycytidine, Guanosine/Deoxyguanosine, Thymidine, Deoxyuridine	07:10
Quiz zum Kurs „Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism“

Thoracic Wall: Blood Supply – Thorax Muscles and Thoracic Wall	03:34
Muscles – Thorax Muscles and Thoracic Wall	14:25
Movements – Thorax Muscles and Thoracic Wall	04:31
Osteology – Thorax Muscles and Thoracic Wall	11:48
Thoracic Wall: Innervation – Thorax Muscles and Thoracic Wall	07:08
Radiograph – Thoracic Diaphragm	04:17
Innervation – Thoracic Diaphragm	04:33
Blood Supply – Thoracic Diaphragm	03:43
Attachments – Thoracic Diaphragm	05:54
Overview – Thoracic Diaphragm	04:42
Mammogram – Breast	04:22
Blood Supply and Innervation – Breast	05:02
Gross Appearance – Breast	05:27
Sentinel Node Biopsy – Breast	07:31
Quiz zum Kurs „Thorax – Gross Anatomy“

Concepts – Vertebral Column	09:13
Typical Vertebra – Vertebral Column	04:03
Segmental Vertebral Specification – Vertebral Column	08:21
Lumbar Vertebrae – Vertebral Column	08:15
Articulations – Vertebral Column	04:20
Ligaments – Vertebral Column	09:13
Superficial Back Muscles – Back Muscles	11:46
Intermediate Back Muscles – Back Muscles	02:28
Deep Back Muscles – Back Muscles	18:32
Suboccipital Muscles – Back Muscles	05:59
Neurovascular Structures – Back Muscles	07:04
Summary – Back Muscles	02:27
Surface Relief – Topographic Back Anatomy	06:48
Triangles – Topographic Back Anatomy	05:15
Lumbar Puncture – Topographic Back Anatomy	02:20
Projections of Viscera Onto the Back – Topographic Back Anatomy	10:54
Quiz zum Kurs „Back—Gross Anatomy“

Introduction – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	07:14
Osteology of the Upper Limb – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	03:15
Clavicle – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	05:02
Scapula – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	07:30
Humerus – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	08:19
Ulna – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	04:24
Radius – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	03:05
Hand – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	05:09
Ranges of Movement – Bones and Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb	04:57
Fascia – Cutaneous Innervation and Venous Drainage of Upper Limb	06:16
Superficial Venous Drainage – Cutaneous Innervation and Venous Drainage of Upper Limb	06:24
Cutaneous Innervation – Cutaneous Innervation and Venous Drainage of Upper Limb	09:02
Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles – Anatomy of the Shoulder	10:41
Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles – Anatomy of the Shoulder	06:57
Scapulohumeral Muscles – Anatomy of the Shoulder	12:54
Axilla – Axilla and Brachial Plexus	06:16
Scapulohumeral Muscles – Axilla and Brachial Plexus	05:50
Axillary Artery – Axilla and Brachial Plexus	06:53
Brachial Plexus – Axilla and Brachial Plexus	14:19
Arm in Cross Section – Anatomy of the Arm	03:13
Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Arm	08:19
Cubital Fossa – Anatomy of the Arm	04:14
Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Arm	04:33
Neurovasculature Relations – Anatomy of the Arm	02:46
Forearm in Cross-section – Anatomy of the Forearm	03:14
Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Forearm	07:26
Deep Layer (AC) – Anatomy of the Forearm	04:27
Superficial and Middle Layers (AC) – Anatomy of the Forearm	04:59
Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Forearm	06:02
Deep and Outcropping Layer (PC) – Anatomy of the Forearm	10:43
Dorsum – Anatomy of the Hand	08:46
Palmar Aspect – Anatomy of the Hand	06:24
Adductor Compartment – Anatomy of the Hand	05:32
Carpal Tunnel – Anatomy of the Hand	03:38
Short Muscles and Extrinsic Tendons – Anatomy of the Hand	11:26
Blood Supply – Overview of Arterial Supply to Upper Limb	02:14
Axillary Artery – Overview of Arterial Supply to Upper Limb	05:56
Brachial Artery – Overview of Arterial Supply to Upper Limb	04:52
Radial and Ulnar Arteries – Overview of Arterial Supply to Upper Limb	05:20
Blood Supply of the Hand – Overview of Arterial Supply to Upper Limb	06:35
Sternoclavicular Joint – Joints of Upper Limb	03:43
Acromioclavicular Joint – Joints of Upper Limb	03:04
Glenohumeral Joint – Joints of Upper Limb	06:11
Elbow Joint – Joints of Upper Limb	04:15
Radio-ulnar Joints – Joints of Upper Limb	02:48
Joints of the Hand – Joints of Upper Limb	04:01
Joints of Digits – Joints of Upper Limb	03:04
Musculocutaneous Nerve – Nerve Lesion of Upper Limb	03:27
Median Nerve – Nerve Lesion of Upper Limb	05:40
Ulnar and Radial Nerves – Nerve Lesion of Upper Limb	03:55
Axillary and Long Thoracic Nerves – Nerve Lesion of Upper Limb	03:41
Quiz zum Kurs „Upper Limb Anatomy [Archive]“

Surface Anatomy – Lower Limb	04:48
Hip Bone – Osteology of Lower Limb	00:53
Ilium – Osteology of Lower Limb	03:12
Ischium – Osteology of Lower Limb	02:43
Pubis – Osteology of Lower Limb	03:59
Femur – Osteology of Lower Limb	03:12
Patella – Osteology of Lower Limb	00:57
Tibia – Osteology of Lower Limb	03:07
Fibula – Osteology of Lower Limb	01:19
Foot – Osteology of Lower Limb	07:08
Movement – Osteology of Lower Limb	03:09
Introduction – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation	00:33
Fascia – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation	03:03
Venous Drainage – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation	04:00
Cutaneous Innervation – Lower Limb: Superficial Structures and Cutaneous Innervation	03:54
Introduction – Lumbosacral Plexus	02:34
Lumbar Plexus: in Situ – Lumbosacral Plexus	04:36
Sacral and Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus	03:49
Sciatic Nerve – Lumbosacral Plexus	02:20
Coccygeal Plexus – Lumbosacral Plexus	01:48
Introduction – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	00:33
Gluteal Region – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	07:55
Neurovasculature – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	02:13
Posterior Thigh: Cross-section – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	05:34
Posterior Thigh Muscles – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	01:42
Popliteal Fossa: Boundaries – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	02:15
Popliteal Fossa: Contents – Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh	02:08
Introduction – Anterior and Medial Thigh	00:42
Anterior Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh	05:01
Anterior Compartment of Thigh – Anterior and Medial Thigh	02:48
Medial Thigh Muscles – Anterior and Medial Thigh	06:08
Pes Anserinus – Anterior and Medial Thigh	01:34
Femoral Triangle – Anterior and Medial Thigh	04:08
Adductor Canal – Anterior and Medial Thigh	02:44
Introduction – Anatomy of the Leg	03:36
Anterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg	06:23
Lateral Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg	04:31
Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg	05:35
Superficial Layer of Posterior Compartment – Anatomy of the Leg	06:22
Introduction – Anatomy of the Foot	00:56
Dorsum of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot	05:10
Plantar Aspect – Anatomy of the Foot	03:53
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 1 – Anatomy of the Foot	02:13
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 2 – Anatomy of the Foot	02:21
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layer 3 – Anatomy of the Foot	02:03
Muscles of Sole of Foot: Layers 4 – Anatomy of the Foot	02:12
Sole of Foot – Anatomy of the Foot	03:28
Blood Supply – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	02:34
Thigh – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	04:54
Gluteal Region – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	03:57
Posterior Thigh and Popliteal Fossa – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	04:53
Posterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	02:50
Anterior Leg – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	01:30
Foot – Overview of Arterial Supply to Lower Limb	04:47
Introduction – Joints of Lower Limb	05:12
Knee Joint – Joints of Lower Limb	05:31
Ligaments and Menisci of the Knee Joint - Joints of Lower Limb	06:26
Tibiofibular Joint – Joints of Lower Limb	01:42
Ankle Joint – Joints of Lower Limb	05:49
Joints of the Foot: Talocalcaneal – Joints of Lower Limb	02:04
Joints of the Foot: Plantar Ligaments – Joints of Lower Limb	01:50
Arches of the Foot – Joints of Lower Limb	02:37
Overview – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb	00:24
Sciatic Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb	01:56
Superior Gluteal Nerve — Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb	03:24
Common Fibular Nerve – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb	02:05
Tibial Nerve Injury – Nerve Lesions of the Lower Limb	02:03
Quiz zum Kurs „Lower Limb Anatomy [Archive]“

Development of the Vertebrae	10:07
Limb Development and Muscle Migration	10:08
Development of the Limb Bones	09:13
Signals Responsible for Limb Growth	05:04
Development of Skin and Associated Glands	08:40
Development of Hair and Nails	05:33
Development of Teeth	09:22
Ossification of Skull	06:26
Development of Sutures and Fontanelles	05:51
Malformations in Skull Development	06:26
Pharyngeal Arches	10:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue—Embryology“

Epithelium: Basement Membrane	03:41
Epithelium: Introduction	04:29
Epithelium: Epithelial Cells Exhibit Polarity	06:45
Epithelium: Classification	10:00
Epithelium: How Are Epithelial Cells Joined Together?	03:25
Epithelium: Surfaces of Epithelial Cells	02:58
Exocrine Glands	03:51
How Do Exocrine Glands Release Their Secretory Products?	02:40
Mucous and Serous Glands	03:52
Lobes, Lobules and Cytogenesis	06:36
Names of Ducts of Glands	08:36
Mucosa and Serosa	07:15
How Are Exocrine Glands Classified and Named?	04:20
Other Common Named Locations	06:42
Introduction to the Connective Tissue	03:00
What Are the Properties of Connective Tissues?	03:29
How Are Connective Tissues Classified?	10:56
Histological Distinction and Extracellular Constituents	07:01
Cells: Adult Stem Cell Niches, Lymphocyte and Plasma Cell	06:15
Cells: Introduction	04:16
Cells: Macrophages	03:25
Cells: Mast Cell and Adipocyte	03:59
Skin Appendages	15:07
The Skin is a Large Sensory Receptor Organ	06:07
Cells of the Epidermis	06:55
Skin (Integumentary System)	16:58
Muscle Tissue: Introduction	03:41
How Is Muscle Tissue Classified?	11:58
Organization of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber	09:47
Innervation of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber	07:38
Histology of the Three Muscle Types, and Their Responses to Stress and Injury	06:06
Sarcomere	10:45
Does Cartilage Grow and can it be Repaired?	06:09
Cartilage	05:08
3 Types of Cartilages	17:48
Structure of Bones	04:19
Different Types of Bone	11:02
Osteon	10:54
How Do Osteocytes Receive Their Nutrients?	04:14
Mineralization of the Bone Matrix	07:22
Bone Growth	06:43
Bone Cells	07:43
Immature Bone	02:54
Introduction to Bone Formation & Growth	05:12
Bone Formation	08:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue—Histology“

Bone: Structure and Function	07:53
Bone Remodeling	07:20
Control and Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus	05:51
Types of Muscle Contractions	03:27
Initiation of Muscle Contraction	03:21
Cross-bridge Cycling	02:55
Force Production and Motor Unit	04:31
Muscle Fiber Types and Properties	06:17
Smooth Muscles: Location and Types	03:00
Smooth Muscles: Structure Function	07:06
Smooth Muscles: Contraction and Relaxation	09:09
Quiz zum Kurs „Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue—Physiology“

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)	03:12
Disease Modifying Anti Rheumatic Agents (DMARDS)	06:37
Quiz zum Kurs „Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue—Pharmacology“

Dermatofibroma (Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma)	01:40
Seborrheic Keratosis (Seborrheic Eczema) and Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis)	03:30
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC, Basal Cell Cancer)	04:23
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC, Squamous Cell Cancer)	05:10
Actinic Cheilitis	00:34
Mycosis Fungoides	03:55
Benign Nevus and Dysplastic Nevus	08:16
Malignant Melanoma	07:46
Quiz zum Kurs „Neoplastic Skin Diseases“

Folliculitis	03:54
Verruca (Plantar Wart)	05:34
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)	02:54
Primary Varicella (Chickenpox) and Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)	03:26
Erysipelas and Molluscum Contagiosum	03:43
Herpes Simplex (HSV)	03:05
Impetigo (School Sores) and Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)	02:27
Tinea Infections (Ringworm): Tinea Corporis and Tinea Capitis	04:46
Onychomycosis (Nail fungus) and Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)	04:03
Syphilis	04:47
Erythema Migrans (Lyme Disease) and Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)	02:57
Toxic Shock Syndrome and Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease)	02:25
Quiz zum Kurs „Infectious Skin Diseases“

Melasma (Chloasma)	02:22
Vitiligo	01:06
Albinism (Achromasia)	02:29
Quiz zum Kurs „Other Skin Diseases“

General Terminology	03:21
Other General Dermatologic Terminologies	02:05
Acne Vulgaris	10:33
Rosacea	06:40
Seborrheic Dermatitis	06:11
Atopic Dermatitis	08:32
Ichthyosis Vulgaris	01:01
Allergic Contact Dermatitis	03:27
Lichen Simplex Chronicus (LSC)	03:37
Lichen Planus	02:32
Hives (Urticaria)	03:35
Angioedema	04:43
Alopecia Areata (AA)	04:17
Psoriasis	09:38
Pityriasis Rosea	03:27
Morphea	03:19
Erythema Nodosum	02:38
Erythema Multiforme	05:44
Pemphigus Vulgaris	06:52
Bullous Pemphigoid	02:43
Immunofluorescence Diagnosis in Vesiculobullous Dermatitis	03:33
Nikolsky's Sign	01:02
Lupus Erythematosus	04:11
Quiz zum Kurs „Inflammatory Skin Diseases“

The Neural Tube and Neural Crest Cells	05:48
The Neural Tube and Ventricular System	07:54
Development of Spinal Cord and Brainstem	07:22
Malformations in Cerebellar Development	02:41
Development of Cerebral Cortex	10:49
Development of Eye	08:28
Development of Ear	09:32
Quiz zum Kurs „Neurology—Embryology“

Organization of the Nervous System	08:19
Major Components of Nerve Tissue	02:49
Neuron	07:38
Major Types of Neurons	07:37
Synapses Are Junctions between Neurons	01:42
Spinal Cord	06:59
The Size of the Gray Matter Varies	03:29
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System	03:27
Arrangement and Locations of Motor and Sensory Neurons	07:15
Dorsal Root Ganglion	02:18
Functional Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System	03:34
Autonomic Ganglion	02:03
Enteric Ganglion	02:27
Structure of Peripheral Nerves and Brain	07:18
The Structure of a Peripheral Nerve	04:59
Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons	03:12
Neuroglial Cells	05:26
Brain	06:03
Meninges	04:55
The Eye: Overview	02:59
The Eye: General Structure	07:50
Iris	03:46
Ciliary Body and Processes	08:22
Lens	03:37
Choroid and the Retina	06:33
Optic Nerve	02:12
Eyelid	04:38
Ear: Overview	02:17
Ear: General Structure	03:01
Bony and Membranous Labyrinth	05:20
Ear: Receptor Cells	04:39
Vestibular System	07:56
Cochlear Duct	02:29
Organ of Corti	03:45
Conduction of Sound	02:47
Ear: Summary	02:06
Quiz zum Kurs „Neurology—Histology“

Introduction esp. Triangles of the Neck – Neck	05:43
Compartments and Cervical Fascia – Neck	07:19
Fascial Spaces and Surgical Access to Trachea – Neck	05:44
Thyroid Gland – Neck	09:29
Stellate Ganglion Block – Neck	03:52
Thoracic Outlet – Neck	03:46
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – Neck	04:59
Carotid Arterial System – Carotid and Subclavian Arteries	05:33
Clinical Correlation: Superficial Temporal Arteritis and Carotid Artery Disease – Carotid and Subclavian Arteries	03:42
Subclavian Artery – Carotid and Subclavian Arteries	03:21
Clinical Correlation: Vertebral Artery Syndrome – Carotid and Subclavian Arteries	01:51
Arterial Supply of the Brain: Circle of Willis – Carotid and Subclavian Arteries	01:38
Cranial Fossae and Foramina (Superior View) – Cranium (Skull)	09:09
Cranial Fossae and Foramina (Inferior and Anterior View) – Cranium (Skull)	03:49
Le Fort Fractures – Cranium (Skull)	03:19
Types of Intracranial Hemorrhage – Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)	01:36
Epidural Hemorrhage – Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)	04:24
Subdural Hemorrhage – Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)	04:17
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage – Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)	03:41
Overview of the 7 Extraocular Muscles – Orbital Muscles and Innervation	05:05
Innervation of Extraocular Muscles – Orbital Muscles and Innervation	03:44
Functions of the Extraocular Muscles – Orbital Muscles and Innervation	04:25
Anatomy of the Teeth	14:04
Development of the Teeth	12:28
Classification of the Facial Muscles	01:26
Epicranial Group – Facial Muscles	03:04
Circumorbital and Palpebral Group – Facial Muscles	02:43
Nasal Group – Facial Muscles	03:37
Buccolabial Group – Facial Muscles	11:21
Muscles of Mastication – Facial Muscles	04:12
Blood Supply of the Facial Muscles	02:50
External Ear	08:22
Middle Ear	09:04
Internal Ear	07:50
Clinical Pearls – Ear	02:40
External Nose, Cartilaginous Structures, and Nasal Cavities	06:55
Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity	04:29
Paranasal Sinuses – Nasal Cavity	03:08
Blood Supply, Drainage, and Innervation of the Nasal Cavity	05:52
Clinical Pearls – Nasal Cavity	01:47
Layers, Borders and Spaces of the Pharynx	06:03
Muscular Layers of the Pharynx	07:27
Divisions of the Pharynx: Naso-, Oro- and Laryngopharynx	07:13
Neurovasculature of the Pharynx	02:42
Waldeyer's Ring	01:02
Structure of the Bony Orbit	06:36
Orbital Connective Tissue and Fat	02:09
Neurovasculature of the Orbit	06:35
Extraocular Muscles	05:12
Eyelids	04:42
Lacrimal Apparatus	02:39
Introduction to the Skull	02:38
Frontal Bone	04:54
Parietal Bone	03:44
Ethmoid Bone	05:54
Lacrimal Bone, Nasal Bone and Vomer	02:46
Zygomatic Bone	03:23
Maxilla Bone	06:01
Palatine Bone	03:14
Quiz zum Kurs „Head and Neck Anatomy with Dr. Canby“

Nerves and Neurotransmission	05:06
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP) and Binding	05:03
Action Potential: Propagation and Myelin	06:06
Glial Cells and Astrocyte Assisted Activities	04:36
Vision: Structure and Function of the Eye	03:52
Vision: Lens, Pupil and Humors	07:11
Vision: Photoreception	04:36
Vision: Signal Termination and Convergence	08:05
Hearing: Hearing Structure and Function	08:43
Hearing: Hair Cells and Semicircular Channels	05:35
Balance: Vestibular Structure and Function	04:12
Balance: Otolith Organs	04:02
Taste-Receptors: Types, Structure, Function & Taste Transduction	07:15
Smell: Transduction and Integration	03:34
Muscle Nerve Fiber Properties	07:42
Renshaw Cells and Muscle Reflexes	03:32
Cutaneous Sensory Afferents	01:57
Mechanoreceptors: En- & Unencapsulated	07:59
Free Nerve Ending (FNE)	05:57
Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	09:03
Hypothalamus and Brainstem	04:03
Circumventricular Organs (CVO's) and Cerebral Spinal Fluid	06:39
Effectors of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	05:39
Autonomic Nervous System: GI Tract and Other Tissues	06:22
Autonomic Nervous System: Skin Appendages and Other Tissues	04:26
Quiz zum Kurs „Neurophysiology“

Stroke: Introduction	02:40
Ischemic Stroke	03:28
Ischemic Stroke: Characteristics	03:50
Embolism	09:45
Ischemic Stroke Syndromes	03:55
Acute Stroke: Evaluation and Workup	06:53
Ischemic Stroke: Treatment	11:18
Hemorrhagic Stroke	08:01
Quiz zum Kurs „Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)“

Cerebral Aneurysm: Introduction	06:39
Cerebral Aneurysm: Diagnostic Workup	03:06
Cerebral Aneurysm: Treatment	04:33
Quiz zum Kurs „Cerebral Aneurysm (Intracranial Aneurysm)“

Increased Intracranial Pressure: Introduction	05:24
Brain Herniation	04:29
Quiz zum Kurs „Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)“

Trauma: Introduction	10:48
Trauma: Epidural and Subdural Hematoma	05:58
Quiz zum Kurs „Trauma“

Spinal Cord Pathology: Introduction	06:34
Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome	03:17
Quiz zum Kurs „Spinal Cord Pathology“

Headache: Introduction	03:36
Acute Headache: Meningitis and Temporal Arteritis	06:55
Acute Headache: Hypertensive Urgency and Cluster Headache (Horton's Syndrome)	05:29
Acute Headaches: Venous Sinus Thrombosis	03:12
Sub-Acute Headache, Chronic Headache and Migraine	06:09
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension	04:29
Brain Tumor and Tension Headaches	04:21
Other Types of Headache	03:19
Indications of Brain Imaging in Headache	01:45
Quiz zum Kurs „Headache – Pathophysiology“

Seizures: Introduction	02:32
Seizures: Types	05:33
Epilepsy and Febrile Seizures	04:16
Evaluation of the First Non-Febrile Seizure and Childhood Epilepsy	02:40
Epilepsy Syndromes	04:09
Adult Epilepsy	01:49
Antiepileptic Drugs	10:51
Special Considerations, Status Epilepticus, and Summary	04:21
Quiz zum Kurs „Seizures“

CNS Infections: Introduction	02:13
Acute Meningitis	10:23
Acute Bacterial Meningitis: Predisposing Factor Age	03:07
Acute Bacterial Meningitis: Predisposing Factor Head Trauma	03:57
Acute Viral Meningitis	03:17
Tuberculous Meningitis	05:39
Chemical Meningitis, Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis, Neurosyphilis, Lyme Disease	10:21
Fungal and Cryptococcus	04:36
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis, Neurocysticercosis and Parasitic Meningoencephalitis	08:39
Brain Abscess	02:21
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: HSV-1 and HSV-2	09:04
HIV-associated Meningoencephalitis	04:33
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (Prion Disease) and Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)	03:57
Quiz zum Kurs „CNS Infections - Clinical Neurology“

Multiple Sclerosis: Introduction	03:29
Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Features, Epidemiology, Pathology, Location of Lesions	05:57
Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Treatment	04:32
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Transverse Myelitis and Central Pontine Myelinolysis	05:25
Quiz zum Kurs „Multiple Sclerosis“

Dementia: Introduction	06:44
Alzheimer's Disease	07:36
Alzheimer's Disease: Pathology and Treatment	10:55
Other Causes of Dementia	12:57
Quiz zum Kurs „Dementia“

Radial Nerve Injury	05:48
Median Nerve Injury	03:19
Ulnar Nerve Injury	03:13
Femoral Nerve Injury	04:15
Quiz zum Kurs „Mononeuropathy“

Polyneuropathy: Introduction	06:11
Metabolic Neuropathies and Diabetic Neuropathy	04:57
Hereditary, Toxic and Infectious Neuropathy	04:17
Entrapment, Compressive and Peripheral Neuropathy	05:03
Neuromuscular Junction and Myasthenia Gravis	06:54
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) and Botulinum Toxin	05:42
Myopathy Junction and Dystrophinopathies	05:35
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies and Channelopathies	06:05
Mitochondrial, Inflammatory, Endocrine and Drug Induced Myopathies	05:38
Quiz zum Kurs „Polyneuropathy“

Tumors of the CNS: Introduction	06:41
Neuroepithelial Tumors: Astrocytoma	05:48
Neuroepithelial Tumors	07:43
Neuroepithelial Tumors: Oligodendroglioma	07:59
Neuroepithelial Tumors: Medulloblastoma	04:00
Meningeal Tumors: Meningioma	05:51
Other Primary CNS Tumors	08:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Tumors of the CNS“

Movement Disorders: Introduction	08:45
Parkinson's Disease	06:39
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Degeneration and Multiple System Atrophy	05:25
Huntington's Disease (Huntington's Chorea)	04:10
Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)	04:07
Quiz zum Kurs „Movement Disorders“

Altered Mental Status and Coma: Introduction	06:48
Coma and Brainstem Reflexes	04:12
Brain Death, Decorticate Posturing, Persistent Vegetative State and Locked-In Syndrome	07:10
Quiz zum Kurs „Altered Mental Status and Coma“

Vertigo: Introduction	02:17
Dix-Hallpike & Epley Maneuver Test	04:43
Syncope	02:13
Quiz zum Kurs „Vertigo and Dizziness“

Sleep Stages	02:13
Sleep Disorders (Dyssomnias)	06:18
Quiz zum Kurs „Sleep“

Embryogenesis	03:33
Cerebral Palsy, Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder	03:19
Development Regression, Neurocutaneous Disorders and Tuberous Sclerosis	05:12
Neurofibromatosis, Hypotonia and Childhood Neurodegenerative Disorders	05:15
Quiz zum Kurs „Pediatric Neuropathology“

Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain)	06:58
Neuromuscular Disease	08:58
Plexopathy	03:02
Mononeuropathy	02:48
Quiz zum Kurs „Other Diseases: Hydrocephalus, Neuromuscular Disease, Plexopathy, and Mononeuritis“

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Overview	05:31
Dual Innervation	03:31
Alpha- and Beta-Blockers	04:19
Sympathetic Blockers	04:20
Sympathomimetic Activators	04:22
Sympathomimetic Effects	11:34
Global Effect of Sympathomimetic Drugs on the Vascular System	05:08
Cholinomimetic Activators and Effects	08:20
Cholinergic Toxicity, Myasthenic Crisis and Cholinergic Crisis	03:04
Anticholinergic Drugs	06:29
Quiz zum Kurs „ANS - Pharmacology“

Overview of Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs – Sedative Hypnotics	07:18
Benzodiazepines – Sedative Hypnotics	04:59
Barbiturates – Sedative Hypnotics	02:03
Atypical Sedative Drugs	08:11
Questions – Sedative Hypnotics	02:12
Case Study – Sedative Hypnotics	02:43
Overview – Antidepressants	02:11
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) – Antidepressants	03:36
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) – Antidepressants	03:10
Heterocyclic Antidepressants (HCAs)	06:43
SNRIs, Serotonin Antagonists and SSRIs – Antidepressants	09:07
Review – Antidepressants	01:07
Antidepressants: Case Study	02:29
Overview – Antipsychotics	01:27
Effects of Increasing and Decreasing Dopamine – Antipsychotics	02:55
Bipolar Disorder Medication – Antipsychotics	05:19
Psychotic Disorder Medication – Antipsychotics	03:06
Clinical Uses of Antipsychotics and Drug Induced Dyskinesia	03:27
Questions – Antipsychotics	02:47
Dopamine Hypothesis – Medication of Movement Disorders	02:53
Dopamine Precursors and Agonists – Treatment of Movement Disorders	05:53
MAO and COMT Inhibitors – Treatment of Movement Disorders	02:57
Amantadine and Anticholinergics – Medication of Movement Disorders	02:17
Medications for Non-Parkinsonian Movement Disorders	09:29
Overview – Antiseizure Medications	05:19
Treatment Strategies – Antiseizure Medications	09:45
Levetiracetam (Keppra) – Antiseizure Medications	01:25
Questions – Antiseizure Medications	03:36
Overview – Anesthetic Drugs	00:58
Inhaled Anesthetics – Anesthetic Drugs	04:49
General Anesthetics – Anesthetic Drugs	06:07
Intravenous Anesthetics – Anesthetic Drugs	03:31
Case Study – Anesthetic Drugs	03:20
Overview – Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	01:48
Neuromuscular Blockers – Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	04:56
Acute and Chronic Muscle Spasms – Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	05:03
Questions – Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	06:07
Overview – Local Anesthetics	05:39
Esters and Amides – Local Anesthetics	05:28
Overview – Opioid Analgesics	02:38
Opioid Agonists – Opioid Analgesics	05:38
Mixed Agonists/Antagonists and Antagonists – Opioid Analgesics	04:31
Questions – Local Anesthetics and Opioid Analgesics	05:18
Quiz zum Kurs „CNS - Pharmacology“

Overview and History of Epidemiology	02:00
Origin of Epidemiology	07:36
Epidemiologic Terminology	02:53
Descriptive Studies – Epidemiology and Biostatistics	05:05
Smallpox – Epidemiology and Biostatistics	04:58
Observational Epidemiology	05:38
Learning Outcomes – Epidemiology and Biostatistics	00:56
Critiquing Presented Content – Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)	04:22
Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM): Introduction	08:36
Study Design Types – Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)	03:21
Evidence Pyramid and Level of Evidence – Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)	02:07
Framing a Research Question – Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)	04:00
Learning Outcomes – Critical Thinking and Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)	00:46
Quiz zum Kurs „Epidemiology and Biostatistics: Introduction“

Epidemics: Definition	05:06
Epidemics: Types	04:45
Key Pandemics in History	05:29
Zoonoses	03:31
The Continuum of Pandemic Phases	02:15
Modes of Transmission and Disease Transmission Cycle	07:14
Outbreak Management and Infection Control	07:13
Epidemic Curves	05:08
Epidemic Curve of COVID-19	05:45
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and Infection Fatality Rate (IFR)	04:24
Factors Influencing the Case Fatality Rate (CFR)	05:25
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) for COVID-19	03:29
Attack Rate	03:32
Basic Reproduction Number R0	06:50
Effective Reproduction Number Re or Rt	03:38
Herd Immunity	05:27
SIR Model	11:27
Contact and Recovery Rate	06:24
Farr's Law	04:48
Forecasting vs. Dynamic Models	05:35
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) Pandemic: Timeline, Virology, and Vaccination	11:38
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) Pandemic: Epidemiology and Prevalance	07:50
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) Pandemic: Test Positivity Ratio and Death-to-test Ratio	07:51
Combating COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2)	07:20
Quiz zum Kurs „Pandemics“

Epidemiology and Statistics	04:27
Types of Variables – Statistics Basics	01:05
Dichotomous Variables – Statistics Basics	06:28
Null Hypothesis – Statistics Basics	02:03
p-Value – Statistics Basics	02:56
Confidence Intervals – Statistics Basics	02:20
Learning Outcomes – Statistics Basics	00:44
Quiz zum Kurs „Statistics: Basics“

Definition of Bias	04:49
Selection Bias	04:54
Healthy Worker Effect	01:11
Loss to Follow-up Bias	02:17
Berkson Bias	02:56
Learning Outcomes I – Statistical Biases	00:18
Information Bias	01:13
Misclassification Bias	06:13
Response Bias	01:45
Detection Bias	02:30
Learning Outcomes II – Statistical Biases	00:17
Learning Goals – Statistical Biases	00:52
Hawthorne and Rosenthal Effect	03:52
Confounding Bias	03:59
Effect Modification	04:33
Learning Outcomes III – Statistical Biases	00:29
Quiz zum Kurs „Statistical Biases“

Population Research Designs – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	03:03
Cross-sectional Study – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	01:37
Case-control Study – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	03:09
Cohort Study – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	07:04
Observational Studies (Study Designs): Summary	03:21
Matched Studies – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	03:19
Learning Outcomes – Observational Studies (Study Designs)	00:31
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	08:02
Rct: Advantages and Disadvantages – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	06:07
Groups – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	08:19
Blinding – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	07:15
Experiments – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	03:56
Ecological Study – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	03:32
Learning Outcomes – Interventional Studies (Study Designs)	00:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Types of Studies“

Descriptive Epidemiology: Introduction	03:47
Measurements of Morbidity – Descriptive Epidemiology	05:43
Mortality Rate – Descriptive Epidemiology	06:05
Population Pyramid – Descriptive Epidemiology	02:28
Learning Outcomes – Descriptive Epidemiology	00:26
Quiz zum Kurs „Descriptive Epidemiology“

Relative Risks (Measures of Association): Introduction	01:57
Contingency Table – Relative Risks (Measures of Association)	05:01
Relative Risk – Relative Risks (Measures of Association)	05:57
Learning Outcomes – Relative Risks (Measures of Association)	00:19
Attributable Risk and Odds Ratio (Measures of Association): Introduction	00:59
Attributable Risk – Attributable Risk and Odds Ratio (Measures of Association)	06:37
Odds Ratio – Attributable Risk and Odds Ratio (Measures of Association)	06:00
Quiz zum Kurs „Measures of Association“

Validity & Reliability: Introduction	02:19
Causality	06:04
Causal Relationship: Possibilities	03:03
Reliability	02:38
External Validity	06:27
Quiz zum Kurs „Validity and Reliability“

Measurement – Data	04:24
Levels of Measurement – Data	04:48
Distribution – Data	04:32
Type I and Type II Errors – Data	05:11
Learning Outcomes – Data	00:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Data“

Screening Tests: Introduction	04:21
Sensitivity and Specificity – Screening Tests	03:10
False Positives and False Negatives – Screening Tests	09:11
Likelihood Ratio – Screening Tests	06:40
Learning Outcomes – Screening Tests	00:35
Quiz zum Kurs „Screening Tests“

Research Ethics: Introduction	01:36
Nuremberg Code	01:21
Belmont Report	02:07
Declaration of Helsinki	05:30
Informed Consent	04:24
Research Ethics Boards	06:56
Research Ethics: Learning Outcomes	01:23
Quiz zum Kurs „Research Ethics“

Introduction – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	02:31
Understanding Psychological Disorders: Biomedical vs. Biopsychosocial Approaches – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	05:09
Understanding Psychological Disorders: Classifying – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	02:58
Types of Psychological Disorders – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	00:53
Anxiety – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	04:50
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	05:32
Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	06:26
Mood, Dissociative and Personality Disorders – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	16:10
Biological Bases of Nervous System Disorders – Psychological Disorders (PSY)	15:15
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to Psychological Disorders“

Development Milestones: General Facts	01:29
Newborn: Apgar Score and Low-Birth Weight	07:35
Changes to the Body	12:30
Milestones of Various Ages: Comparison	09:23
Common Causes of Death (U.S.)	03:11
Quiz zum Kurs „Human Development“

Stages of Sleep – Consciousness (PSY)	10:30
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Dreaming – Consciousness (PSY, BIO)	06:51
Sleep-Wake Disorders – Consciousness (PSY)	13:06
Quiz zum Kurs „Sleep and Sleep Disorders“

Drug Addiction and the Reward Pathway of the Brain – Consciousness (PSY)	04:10
Quiz zum Kurs „Drug Addiction“

Suicidal Patients (Emergency Medicine)	03:45
Methods of Suicide	03:46
Suicidal Patients: Diagnosis	02:32
Suicidal Patients: Management	02:38
Suicidal Patients: Documentation and Disposition	03:15
Quiz zum Kurs „Suicide“

Desire, Arousal and Orgasm	03:43
Female Sexual Dysfunction	04:30
Sexual Assault	07:14
Quiz zum Kurs „Human Sexuality“

Alcohols – Drugs of Abuse	06:10
Opioid Analgesics – Drugs of Abuse	05:49
Caffeine and Nicotine – Drugs of Abuse	02:41
Amphetamines – Drugs of Abuse	04:13
Cocaine – Drugs of Abuse	04:18
Sedative/Hypnotic Drugs: Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates and Ethanol – Drugs of Abuse	03:49
Hallucinogens: Psychodelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants – Drugs of Abuse	07:55
Inhalants: Anesthetics, Industrial Solvents and Organic Nitrites – Drugs of Abuse	05:33
Acetaminophen and Steroids – Drugs of Abuse	05:32
Drug Schedules and Controlled Substances – Drugs of Abuse	02:03
Cannabinoids: Introduction – Drugs of Abuse	09:04
Cannabinoids: Consumption and Hyperemesis Syndrome – Drugs of Abuse	07:19
Cannabinoids: Methods of Ingestion – Drugs of Abuse	30:34
Harm of Each Drug Type – Drugs of Abuse	04:21
Guidelines for Cannabinoid Use – Drugs of Abuse	02:45
Effects of Unrefined Marijuana – Drugs of Abuse	06:16
Cannabinoids: THC and CBD – Drugs of Abuse	09:23
Cannabinoids: Summary – Drugs of Abuse	01:53
Carbon Monoxide and Dioxins – Toxic Substances	02:41
Asbestos, PCB's, Herbicides & Pesticides – Toxic Substances	07:20
Toxicology Questions & Case Studies	08:29
Quiz zum Kurs „Toxicology“

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	03:25
ADHD: Diagnosis	03:42
ADHD: Management	03:25
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)	04:29
Vaccine-Autism-Connection and Clinical Diagnosis	06:01
Sleep Problems in Children	04:15
Baby Colic and Breath Holding Spells	06:39
Toilet Training	03:05
Enuresis	03:47
Encopresis	04:00
Quiz zum Kurs „Child Development and Behavior“

Habituation and Dishabituation	05:06
Classical Conditioning – Associative Learning (PSY, BIO)	09:44
Cognitive and Biological Processes That Affect Associative Learning – Associative Learning (PSY, BIO)	06:28
Operant Conditioning – Associative Learning (PSY, BIO)	13:53
Observational Learning (PSY)	06:44
Theories of Attitude and Behavior Change (PSY)	06:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Learning and Behavior Modification“

Behavioral Theories and Sigmund Freud	05:23
Mature Defenses	02:51
Neurotic Defenses	04:52
Immature Defenses	02:47
Other Defenses	03:48
Overview of Personality Disorders	07:22
Cluster A Personality Disorders	10:43
Cluster B Personality Disorders	12:23
Cluster C Personality Disorders	08:13
Quiz zum Kurs „Personality Disorders“

Overview of Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs – Sedative Hypnotics	07:18
Benzodiazepines – Sedative Hypnotics	04:59
Barbiturates – Sedative Hypnotics	02:03
Atypical Sedative Drugs	08:11
Questions – Sedative Hypnotics	02:12
Case Study – Sedative Hypnotics	02:43
Overview – Antidepressants	02:11
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) – Antidepressants	03:36
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) – Antidepressants	03:10
Heterocyclic Antidepressants (HCAs)	06:43
SNRIs, Serotonin Antagonists and SSRIs – Antidepressants	09:07
Review – Antidepressants	01:07
Antidepressants: Case Study	02:29
Overview – Antipsychotics	01:27
Effects of Increasing and Decreasing Dopamine – Antipsychotics	02:55
Bipolar Disorder Medication – Antipsychotics	05:19
Psychotic Disorder Medication – Antipsychotics	03:06
Clinical Uses of Antipsychotics and Drug Induced Dyskinesia	03:27
Questions – Antipsychotics	02:47
Quiz zum Kurs „Psychopharmacology“

Thoracic Cavity – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	09:02
Topography of the Lungs – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	02:19
Mediastinum – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	04:12
Mediastinal Areas – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	08:17
In Situ View – Heart (Cor)	04:00
Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity – Heart (Cor)	05:55
Surface Anatomy of the Heart – Heart (Cor)	03:32
Chambers and Great Vessels – Heart (Cor)	07:13
Individual Chambers – Heart (Cor)	06:57
Valves – Heart (Cor)	03:35
Coronary Circulation – Heart (Cor)	10:47
Cardiac Conduction System – Heart (Cor)	06:12
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiovascular Gross Anatomy“

Early Development of the Heart	09:04
Formation of the Right and Left Atria	09:45
Atrial Septal Defects	03:23
Formation of AV Canals	05:09
Separation of Ventricles	07:42
Formation of the Outflow Tracts	03:58
Development Defects of Conotruncal Ridges	06:28
Shunts Present in Congenital Heart Diseases	04:25
Aortic Arches and Large Arteries: Introduction	07:11
Aortic Arches: Morphologic Changes	04:50
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves and Anomalies of Arterial Development	09:43
Formation of the Large Veins	05:59
Development of the Subcardinal Anastomosis	11:42
Fetal circulation and Transition to Mature Circulation	09:09
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiovascular Embryology“

Heart: Introduction	03:48
Heart: Different Circulations	05:41
Layers of the Heart Wall	06:14
Heart Valve	03:07
Cardiac Muscle	04:57
Conducting System of the Heart	04:14
Heart: Summary	03:24
Vessels: Introduction	01:55
Vessels: the Wall of an Artery and Vein	11:19
Small and Large Arteries	03:53
Pericyte	04:09
Differences between Small Arteries and Small Venules	03:03
Aorta	04:05
Vena Cava	01:47
Capillaries: Overview	09:52
Lymphatic Vessels	03:15
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries and Lymph Vessels: Summary	02:49
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiovascular Histology“

Cardiac Pacemakers – Heart Rate and Electricity	03:54
Membrane Potential – Heart Rate and Electricity	05:54
Pacemaker Potential and Pacemaker Cells – Heart Rate and Electricity	07:54
Para- and Sympathetic Control of the Heart Rate – Heart Rate and Electricity	06:49
Influence on Pacemaker Activity – Heart Rate and Electricity	04:02
Heart Rate Ranges and Gap Junction Channels – Heart Rate and Electricity	07:49
Non-Pacemaker Action Potential – Heart Rate and Electricity	04:35
Myocyte Conduction Pathway and Atrioventricular Block (AV) – Heart Rate and Electricity	07:52
Ectopic Foci and Abnormal Conduction – Heart Rate and Electricity	02:08
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Definition, Function & Basic Principles – Electrocardiogram	02:39
Sequence of Depolarization – Electrocardiogram	07:52
ECG Tracing: Definitions and Related Cardiac Timing – Electrocardiogram	03:55
ECG Tracing: Normal Intervals – Electrocardiogram	08:05
Mean Electrical Axis and Determining Axis on ECG – Electrocardiogram	05:56
ECG Abnormalities – Electrocardiogram	05:55
Systole and Diastole – Cardiac Cycle	01:42
Isovolumetric Contraction: LV Phases— Cardiac Cycle	06:12
Atrial Systole and Diastole – Cardiac Cycle	02:52
Complete Picture of the Cardiac Cycle – Cardiac Cycle	04:11
Intracardiac and Vascular Heart Pressure – Cardiac Cycle	04:08
Heart Sounds – Cardiac Cycle	05:07
Cardiac Output, Flow, Pressure and Resistance Theory – Cardiac Mechanics	03:23
Preload and the Frank-Starling Law – Cardiac Mechanics	09:15
Afterload – Cardiac Mechanics	05:30
Inotropy: Definition, Regulation and Effects – Cardiac Mechanics	08:08
Frank-Starling Curve and Atrial Dynamics – Cardiac Mechanics	04:17
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiac Physiology“

Flow, Pressure and Resistance Theory – Blood Vessels and Pressure (Hemodynamics)	03:47
Fluid Movement Resistance, Laminar and Turbulent Blood Flow – Blood Vessels and Pressure	04:18
Blood Flow and Velocity – Blood Vessels and Pressure	02:38
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) – Blood Vessels and Pressure	04:28
Vascular Anatomy – Blood Vessels and Pressure (Hemodynamics)	10:14
Local Factors of Arterial Pressure – Blood Vessels and Pressure	06:31
Neurohumoral Factors of Arterial Pressure– Blood Vessels and Pressure	05:04
Baroreceptor Reflex – Regulation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)	05:59
Brain Regions and Autonomic Control – Regulation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)	02:52
Baroreflex & Baroreceptor Function Alteration, Resetting & Adaptation – Regulation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)	06:30
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) – Regulation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)	03:59
ADH (Vasopressin) and Natriuretic Peptides – Regulation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure (ABP)	06:33
Central Venous Pressure (CVP) – Regulation of Venous Pressure	02:42
Vascular Function Curves – Regulation of Venous Pressure	04:15
Combination of Cardiac and Vascular Function Curves – Regulation of Venous Pressure	06:00
Isometric and Isotonic Resistance Exercise – CV Response to Exercise	03:44
Blood Pressure Effects on the Valsalva Maneuver – CV Response to Exercise	04:45
Cardiovascular Response and CO Changes in Endurance Training – CV Response to Exercise	04:12
ABP Response to Endurance Training – CV Response to Exercise	02:44
Skeletal Muscle Pump and Effects of Chronic Endurance Training – CV Response to Exercise	05:24
Distribution of Blood Flow – Special Circulations	03:17
Cerebral Circulation – Special Circulations	04:50
Coronary Circulation – Special Circulations	04:29
Cutaneous Circulation – Special Circulations	02:12
Skin Blood Flow – Special Circulations	04:19
Quiz zum Kurs „Vascular Physiology“

Arteries and Veins: Structure and Characteristics	11:36
Resistance and Capacitance Vessels	09:53
Collateral Circulations	04:49
Portal and Dual Circulations	07:25
Functions of the Endothelium	06:48
Types of Endothelium	04:02
Introduction to the Anatomy of the Heart	03:52
Elements of the Heart: Chambers and Vessels	04:32
Elements of the Heart: Collateral Circulation, Valves and Conduction System	09:33
Myocardium	03:53
Sarcomere	05:25
Valves of the Heart	03:56
Coronary Vasculature and Conduction System of the Heart	04:49
Basic Response to Vascular Injury	06:49
Quiz zum Kurs „Structure-Function Relationships in the Cardiovascular System“

Blood Pressure Regulation	06:43
Pathophysiology of Hypertension	08:58
Hypertension: Epidemiology, Classification and White Coat Hypertension	03:37
Hypertension: Pathology, Clinical Features and Complications	06:06
Quiz zum Kurs „Hypertension“

Introduction to Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection	06:43
Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: Medial Architecture	08:30
Aneurysm: Definition and Classification, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm	02:07
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm	10:28
Aortic Dissection: Epidemiology, Etiology and Pathology	06:47
Aortic Dissection: Stanford Classification, Signs and Symptoms, Consequences and Diagnostics	09:24
Quiz zum Kurs „Aortic Disease“

Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies and Circulating Immune Complexes – Vasculitis	07:55
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Cell-mediated Vasculitis – Vasculitis	04:52
Giant Cell Aortitis and Takayasu Arteritis	06:07
Giant Cell Arteritis	04:23
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) and Kawasaki Disease	05:16
Polyarteritis Nodosa, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) and Microscopic Polyangiitis	06:32
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss Syndrome and Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease	05:47
Quiz zum Kurs „Vasculitis“

Varicose Veins: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations	08:56
Deep Venous Thrombosis	07:55
Trousseau Syndrome	01:11
Portal Venous Hypertension, Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Syndromes	06:21
Lymphangitis, Lymphedema and Other Disorders of Lymphatic Vessels	06:04
Quiz zum Kurs „Vein and Lymphatic Pathology“

Cardiac Pathology: Overview	06:52
Heart Failure: Introduction	09:43
Heart Failure: Pathophysiology	08:07
Heart Failure: Epidemiology and Patterns of Hypertrophy	03:47
Left-sided and Right-sided Heart Failure	10:33
Heart Failure: Diagnostics and Treatment	04:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Heart Failure“

Ischemic Heart Disease: Etiology and Epidemiology	04:44
Factors that Contribute to Coronary Atherosclerosis	06:54
Cardiac Syndromes	04:00
Stable, Prinzmetal and Unstable Angina	05:57
Ischemic Heart Disease: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology	04:08
Ischemic Heart Disease: Plaque Changes and Adaptive Mechanisms	04:38
Pathology of Intervention	12:01
Quiz zum Kurs „Ischemic Heart Disease“

Conducting System of the Heart	06:32
Arrhythmia: Definition, General Categories and Clinical Manifestations	05:56
Acquired Arrhythmia	10:37
Inherited Arrhythmia	06:20
Sudden Cardiac Death	08:02
Quiz zum Kurs „Arrhythmia“

Regurgitation and Clinical Consequences – Valvular Heart Disease	08:33
Etiology – Valvular Heart Disease	07:10
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations – Calcific Aortic Stenosis	09:31
Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Mitral Annular Calcification	02:46
Mitral Valve Prolapse	04:47
Etiology and Diagnostics – Rheumatic Heart Disease	03:56
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features – Rheumatic Heart Disease	08:18
Definition and Etiology – Infective Endocarditis	04:14
Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Clinical Manifestations – Infective Endocarditis	08:53
Marantic and SLE-associated Endocarditis and Carcinoid Heart Disease	06:54
Prosthetic Valves	03:47
Definition and Pathogenesis – Hypertensive Heart Disease	04:40
Systemic (Left-sided) Hypertensive Heart Disease	05:15
Pulmonary (Right-sided) Hypertensive Heart Disease	04:58
Quiz zum Kurs „Valvular and Hypertensive Heart Disease“

Cardiomyopathy: Definition and Types	06:30
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Definition, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis	07:02
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Etiology	08:34
Peripartum and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy	08:08
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Morphology, Clinical Manifestations, and Complications	04:38
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Etiology and Variants	06:05
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations	06:49
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Complications, Morphology, and Histology	03:32
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	05:57
Cardiac Amyloidosis, Endomyocardial Fibrosis, and Loeffler Endomyocarditis	08:25
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiomyopathy“

Myocarditis: Definition and Etiology	06:17
Myocarditis: Pathophysiology and Pathology	03:52
Myocarditis: Manifestations, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnostics, and Management	04:32
Definition and Etiology – Pericarditis	06:56
Classification of Acute Pericarditis	05:29
Clinical Manifestations and Management – Pericarditis	03:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Myocarditis and Pericarditis“

S1 and S2	05:09
S3 and S4	06:21
Dynamic Auscultation	11:51
Respiratory Variation	08:30
Auscultation Areas	14:14
Rapid Squatting	03:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Heart Sounds“

Introduction to High Blood Pressure Medication – Drugs in Hypertension	02:04
Diuretics – Drugs in Hypertension	08:44
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone – Drugs in Hypertension	09:10
Vasodilators – Drugs in Hypertension	06:35
Alpha Agonists – Drugs in Hypertension	02:04
Beta Blockers – Drugs in Hypertension	05:07
Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve Terminal Blockers and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors – Drugs in Hypertension	01:21
Lines of Therapy – Drugs in Hypertension	07:16
Pulmonary Hypertension Medication – Drugs in Hypertension	11:32
Questions and Case Studies – Drugs in Hypertension	05:27
Introduction – Heart Failure and Angina Management	02:32
Nitrates – Heart Failure and Angina Management	05:25
Cardiac Depressants and Vasodilators – Heart Failure and Angina Management	04:51
Metabolic Modifiers and Slow Sodium Channel Inhibitors – Heart Failure and Angina Management	04:12
Inotropes – Heart Failure and Angina Management	07:12
Vasodilators – Heart Failure and Angina Management	02:31
Renin-Angiotensin Agents and Beta Blockers – Heart Failure and Angina Management	02:12
Slow Sodium Channel and Neprilysin Inhibitors – Heart Failure and Angina Management	08:51
Questions – Heart Failure and Angina Management	07:40
Introduction – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	00:46
Group 1: Sodium Channel Blockers – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	04:59
Group 2: Beta Blockers – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	01:53
Group 3: Potassium Channel Blockers – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	03:25
Group 4: Calcium Channel Blockers – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	02:08
Group 5: Other Antiarrhythmics – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	03:39
Questions – Antiarrhythmic Drugs	03:51
Bile Acid Sequestrants, Niacin and Fibrates – Lipid Control	05:55
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors – Lipid Control	08:38
Fat Absorption and MTP Inhibitors – Lipid Control	02:28
PCSK9 Inhibitors – Lipid Control	07:46
Questions – Lipid Control	03:32
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiovascular Pharmacology“

Upper Airway Development	04:38
Tracheal Development	04:26
Development of Larynx and Large Airways	06:55
Development of Small Airways and Lungs	06:06
Derivatives of Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Body Wall and Cavities	07:19
Formation of Diaphragm: Separating Peritoneal and Pericardial Cavities	08:18
Separating the Pericardial and Pleural Cavities	03:31
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Embryology“

Thoracic Cavity – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	09:02
Topography of the Lungs – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	02:19
Mediastinum – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	04:12
Mediastinal Areas – Lungs, mediastinum and cardiac valves	08:17
Esophagus – Pulmonary Structures and Esophagus	11:10
Lungs – Pulmonary Structures and Esophagus	11:39
Trachea – Pulmonary Structures and Esophagus	06:10
Pleural Membranes – Pulmonary Structures and Esophagus	09:59
Veins – Thoracic Vessels	09:58
Arteries – Thoracic Vessels	08:12
Subclavian Artery – Thoracic Vessels	04:49
Descending Aorta – Thoracic Vessels	07:43
Brachiocephalic Veins – Thoracic Vessels	06:51
Sympathetics in the Thorax – Thoracic Nerves	09:38
Vagus Nerve – Thoracic Nerves	09:35
Phrenic Nerve – Thoracic Nerves	05:27
Clinically Applied Anatomy – Thoracic Nerves	05:41
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Gross Anatomy“

Respiratory System: Introduction	03:29
Conducting Portion	03:42
Nasal Cavities	08:12
Olfactory Mucosa and Olfactory Receptor	05:46
Larynx and Epiglottis	04:05
Trachea	03:29
Bronchi and Bronchiole	10:10
Alveolus	05:55
Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage of the Pulmonary Lobule	03:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Histology“

Respiratory Cycle – Breathing and Lung Mechanics	04:29
Airway Resistance – Breathing and Lung Mechanics	07:48
Pulmonary Ventilation – Breathing and Lung Mechanics	05:55
Pulmonary Surface Tension – Breathing and Lung Mechanics	04:01
Work of Breathing — Breathing and Lung Mechanics	03:50
Learning Outcomes – Breathing and Lung Mechanics	01:28
Introduction – Pulmonary Blood Flow	02:35
Effects of Pulmonary Artery Pressure – Pulmonary Blood Flow	03:31
Effects of Lung Volume – Pulmonary Blood Flow	04:22
Effects of Hypoxia – Pulmonary Blood Flow	05:47
Learning Outcomes – Pulmonary Blood Flow	00:26
Oxygen Transport – Gas Transport	03:36
Hemoglobin and O₂ Binding – Gas Transport	10:17
Blood Gas Transport Comparison – Gas Transport	01:57
Carbon Dioxide Transport – Gas Transport	05:48
Learning Outcomes – Gas Transport	00:48
Introduction – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	05:59
Alveolar Gas Equation – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	01:56
Practice Calculation – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	03:23
Tissue Hypoxia – Causes – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	04:13
Diffusional Impairment – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	07:33
Ventilation to Perfusion Inequality – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	03:02
Upright Lung – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	08:31
Learning Outcomes – Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia	01:20
Introduction – Control & Regulation of Breathing	01:45
Engineering Control Systems Approach – Control & Regulation of Breathing	05:39
Central Chemoreceptor – Control & Regulation of Breathing	02:01
Peripheral Chemoreceptors – Control & Regulation of Breathing	06:00
Interrelations of Blood Glasses on Ventilation – Control & Regulation of Breathing	03:20
Other Sensors With Pulmonary Implications – Control & Regulation of Breathing	04:33
Learning Outcomes – Control & Regulation of Breathing	00:51
Breath-hold Diving – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	02:14
Breath Hold – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	07:14
PO₂ Calculations – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	06:20
Acute Mountain Sickness – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	02:02
HACE – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	02:15
HAPE – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	02:48
Learning Outcomes – Effect of Barometric Pressure on the Pulmonary System	00:52
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Physiology“

Pulmonary Clinical Anatomy: Introduction	04:45
Pulmonary Clinical Anatomy: Upper Portion	07:48
Pulmonary Clinical Anatomy: Middle Portion	03:32
Pulmonary Clinical Anatomy: Respiratory Zone	07:50
Dyspnea: Definition	05:21
Dyspnea: Causes	04:54
Dyspnea: History	02:36
Cough: Definition and History	03:14
Cough: Pearls	03:17
Wheezing	02:33
Hemoptysis	02:57
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to Pulmonary Pathology“

Chest X-ray – Diagnostic Imaging	02:19
Chest CT Scan – Diagnostic Imaging	03:35
Alveolar Infiltrate – Diagnostic Imaging	05:27
Nodules – Diagnostic Imaging	02:44
Arterial Blood Gases – Laboratory Diagnostics	02:48
Acidosis and Alkalosis – Laboratory Diagnostics	14:40
Metabolic Acidosis – Laboratory Diagnostics	04:41
Davenport Diagram – Laboratory Diagnostics	19:45
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 1 and 2 – Laboratory Diagnostics	01:49
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 3 – Laboratory Diagnostics	09:52
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 3 (cont'd) – Laboratory Diagnostics	10:48
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 3a – Laboratory Diagnostics	01:40
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 4 – Laboratory Diagnostics	19:02
Approach to Acid Base Status: Step 5 – Laboratory Diagnostics	05:49
Assessing Lung Function – Laboratory Diagnostics	01:53
Alveolar Gas Equation – Laboratory Diagnostics	08:05
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) – Laboratory Diagnostics	07:43
Spirometry – Laboratory Diagnostics	06:35
Loop Spirometries – Laboratory Diagnostics	08:15
Other Spirometry Patterns – Laboratory Diagnostics	04:05
Diffusion Capacity – Laboratory Diagnostics	03:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Pulmonary Diagnostics“

Respiratory Failures: Introduction	02:59
Acute Hypoxemic	04:54
Acute Hypercapnic	11:22
Respiratory Failures: Treatment	05:57
Mechanical Ventilation	06:19
Assisted Control – Modes of Ventilation	05:07
Modes of Ventilation: Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation	01:58
Modes of Ventilation: Pressure Support	06:27
Modes of Ventilation: Mechanical Ventilation Goals	05:13
Modes of Ventilation: Ventilator Airway Pressure	03:27
Modes of Ventilation: Auto-PEEP	05:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Failures“

Obstructive Lung Disease: Pathogenesis	01:32
Obstructive Lung Disease: Signs and Symptoms	05:07
Obstructive Lung Disease: Areas	05:58
GOLD Algorithm	01:54
Emphysema: Introduction	02:52
Emphysema: Pathogenesis A	10:33
Emphysema: Pathogenesis B	09:35
Emphysema: Signs and Symptoms	08:23
Emphysema: Diagnosis	05:20
Chronic Bronchitis: Introduction	01:32
Chronic Bronchitis: Pathogenesis	09:17
Chronic Bronchitis: Differential Diagnosis	07:21
Chronic Bronchitis: Multistep Approach	05:34
Asthma: Introduction	02:20
Asthma: Signs and Symptoms	03:06
Asthma: Differential Diagnosis	04:15
Asthma: Risk Factors & Prevention	03:39
Asthma: Diagnosis	04:38
Asthma: Treatment	08:24
Bronchiectasis: Pathogenesis	05:57
Bronchiectasis: Differential Diagnosis	04:46
Bronchiectasis: Cystic Fibrosis	06:25
Quiz zum Kurs „Obstructive Lung Disease“

Restrictive Lung Disease: Introduction	11:33
Flow Volume Spirometry	05:40
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (IIP)	01:44
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Pathogenesis	03:04
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP): Signs and Symptoms	05:23
Sarcoidosis: Introduction	01:07
Sarcoidosis: Pathogenesis	06:25
Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis & Treatment	04:02
Connective Tissue Disease: Overview	03:26
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)	02:55
Lung Pathology in Lupus and in Rheumatoid Arthritis	03:10
Scleroderma	03:27
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis	01:51
Quiz zum Kurs „Restrictive Lung Disease“

Occupational Lung Disease: Overview	05:58
Asbestosis: Introduction	08:03
Asbestosis: Diagnosis & Treatment	04:54
Berylliosis	06:18
Silicosis	04:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Occupational Lung Diseases“

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis): Overview and DIagnosis	12:23
Eosinophilic Lung Disease (ELD)	12:43
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Pathogenesis	07:18
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Differential Diagnosis	02:36
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: TTN, RDS and PPHN	15:05
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Signs, Symptoms, Definition, Treatment	04:30
Pulmonary Embolism: Pathogenesis	04:16
Pulmonary Embolism: Clinical Findings	04:31
Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Factors	04:28
Pulmonary Embolism: Prevention	01:51
Pulmonary Embolism: Signs & Symptoms	02:23
Pulmonary Embolism: Diagnosis	07:32
Pulmonary Embolism: Treatment	02:50
Pulmonary Hypertension	02:43
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification: Class 1 & 2	06:15
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification: Class 3 & 4	04:14
Pneumothorax & Pleural Effusion: Pneumothorax	09:47
Pneumothorax & Pleural Effusion: Pleural Effusion	04:54
Pneumothorax & Pleural Effusion: Physical Findings of the Lung	07:39
Sleep Apnea: Definition	03:28
Pneumothorax, Pleural Effusion & Obstructive Sleep Apnea	03:06
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Differential Diagnosis	03:33
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Treatment	03:43
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Pulmonary Circulation and the Respiratory Regulation“

Lung Cancer: Definition	01:12
Small Lung Cancer	08:11
Adenocarcinoma	05:59
Squamous Cell Carcinoma	03:00
Large Cell Carcinoma	01:12
Bronchial Carcinoid	04:06
Mesothelioma	05:20
Lung Nodules and Cancer	03:04
Quiz zum Kurs „Lung Cancer “

Hypovolemic Shock	08:06
Cardiogenic and Obstructive Shock	06:29
Distributive Shock	05:31
Approach to Shock	00:48
Poisoning and Overdose	05:37
Quiz zum Kurs „Pulmonary Critical Care“

Asthma Medications	02:01
Bronchodilators	03:13
Corticosteroids	02:03
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists	01:32
Release Inhibitors and IgE-Antibody-mediated Therapy	03:52
Biological Agents: Monoclonal Antibodies	02:05
Asthma Medication Questions	02:17
Quiz zum Kurs „Respiratory Pharmacology“

Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas and Spleen Development	08:21
Derivatives of the Intermediate Mesoderm: Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	10:32
Development of the Kidneys and the Adrenal Glands	07:14
Partitioning and Malformations of the Urogenital Sinus	07:12
Quiz zum Kurs „Urinary Tract Embryology“

Urinary System: Overview	03:43
General Structure of the Kidney	08:05
Nephron	04:13
Structure of the Renal Corpuscle	04:39
Filtration Apparatus	03:36
Tubes of the Nephron	08:57
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus	02:27
Urothelium and Urethra	04:34
Quiz zum Kurs „Urinary Tract Histology“

Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands: Introduction	06:17
Kidneys: Renal Capsule – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	06:01
Kidneys: Segments and Blood Supply – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	05:00
Ureters – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	02:05
Suprarenal Glands – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	04:21
Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands: Conclusion	00:38
Quiz zum Kurs „Renal Gross Anatomy“

Functions and Segments – Urinary System	09:35
Blood Supply and Control – Urinary System	06:50
Glomerular Filtration Rate	02:22
Starling Forces	09:04
Afferent and Efferent Arterioles	04:24
Regulation of GFR and RBF	09:51
Renal Clearance Equations	08:43
Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule	06:27
Macromolecular Transport	07:51
Effect of Transport Maximum on Excretion	04:54
Proximal Tubule: Ion Transport	06:55
Reabsorption in the Distal Tubule	04:07
Aldosterone: Effects and Regulation	06:07
Urea Cycle and Collecting Duct	03:00
Secretion and Organic Transport in the Proximal Tubule	04:44
Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion	10:33
Integrated Control of Blood Volume: Overview	05:38
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Osmolality	04:36
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System	05:05
Corticopapillary Osmotic Gradient	08:29
Countercurrent Multiplier System	06:14
Body Fluid Compartments	05:37
Measuring Ions and Fluid Compartments	07:19
Changes in Body Fluid Compartment	11:50
Quiz zum Kurs „Urinary Tract Physiology“

Renal Patho-Embryology	06:46
Horseshoe Kidney	03:36
Unilateral Renal Agenesis	02:15
Potter's Syndrome	06:08
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to Renal Pathology“

Tubulointerstitial Pathology	08:58
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)	03:30
Chronic Kidney Disease	05:30
Algorithm of Acute Renal Injury	13:40
Urinalysis, Acute Renal Failure & Atheroembolism	03:48
Chronic Renal Failure	05:30
Pathophysiology of Renal Failure	07:31
Acute Interstitial Nephritis	01:30
Acute Tubular Necrosis	05:11
Quiz zum Kurs „Tubulointerstitial Diseases“

Glomerular Disorders	05:59
Electron Microscopy	04:27
Pathogenesis of Glomerular Disease	06:35
Mechanisms Producing Glomerular Disease	02:08
Types of Glomerular Diseases	00:51
Nephritic Syndrome	04:44
IgA Nephopathy	05:24
IgA Nephropathy	04:44
Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis	04:36
Non-Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis	02:21
Alport Syndrome	01:37
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis	03:41
Subendothelial IC Deposition Viewed With EM	01:22
Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis	04:37
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (rpgn) & Subtypes	05:59
Goodpasture's Syndrome	03:21
SLE Related Kidney Disease	04:13
ANCA Associated Vasculitis	02:40
Nephrotic Syndrome	05:16
Minimal Change Disease	06:15
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis	05:28
Membranous Nephropathy	06:01
Overview of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)	01:54
Classification of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)	03:53
Type I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)	04:27
Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)	03:22
Summary of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)	02:51
Diabetic Glomerulopathy esp. Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease	10:40
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis and Renal Amyloidosis	03:08
Quiz zum Kurs „Glomerulonephritis“

Renal Dysplasia	02:40
Autosomal Recessive Disease (Juvenile)	04:54
Autosomal Dominant Disease	05:57
Additional Cystic Diseases of the Kidney	03:45
Quiz zum Kurs „Cystic Diseases (Renal Cystic Pathology)“

Renal Clinical Anatomy: Introduction	01:26
Filtration Barrier	06:52
Structure of the Glomerulus	10:59
Clinical Anatomy of the Glomerular Apparatus	05:48
Quiz zum Kurs „Renal Clinical Anatomy“

Urinalysis: Introduction	17:23
Chemical Dipsticks: pH & Protein	03:35
Chemical Dipsticks: Glucose & Ketones	07:20
Chemical Dipsticks: Bilirubin & Urobilirubin	08:22
Chemical Dipsticks: Diseases and Steps in Metabolism	05:13
Chemical Dipsticks: Blood & Nitrates	08:48
Cells in Urine Sediment	04:10
Casts in Urine Sediment	07:35
Crystals in Urine Sediment	02:25
Various Morphology on Urinalysis	07:27
Quiz zum Kurs „Urinalysis“

Diabetes Insipidus (DI): Overview	05:11
Diabetes Insipidus (DI): Etiology	10:02
Actions of ADH: Diabetes Insipidus (DI)	06:38
Diabetes Insipidus (DI): Management	12:29
Diabetes Insipidus (DI): Differentials	04:55
Quiz zum Kurs „(Nephrogenic) Diabetes Insipidus (DI)“

Regulation of ADH: Response to Water Deprivation	06:45
Regulation of ADH: ADH Secretion	06:08
Regulation of ADH: Volume vs. Osmolarity	04:38
Regulation of ADH: Significance of Clearance of Water	05:16
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)	07:32
Quiz zum Kurs „SIADH“

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Water & Sodium Pathophysiology	04:10
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Changes in ECF Volume	05:51
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Plasma Osmolality (POsm)	12:45
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) and Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Clinical Volume Dynamics	23:16
Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic Disorders	08:12
Dehydration: Isotonic Fluid Disorders	06:02
Hypotonic Fluid Disorders	12:00
Dehydration: Summary of Isotonic and Hypotonic	04:33
Hypertonic Fluid Disorders	11:51
Review	04:13
Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance	01:26
Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Key Points	03:11
Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Regulation Wheels	06:30
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Overview	00:30
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Crystalloids	03:49
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Colloids	04:49
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Saline: Clinical Terminology	08:09
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): Distribution of IVFs	06:23
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): IV Fluid: 'd5w'	03:22
Types of IV Fluids (Intravenous Fluids): IVFs Summary	09:53
Quiz zum Kurs „Fluid and Electrolyte Balance“

Overview: Proximal vs. Distal Nephron	03:27
Tubular Transport by Nephron Segment	28:01
Tubular Secretion	06:15
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Proximal Nephron	11:50
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Proximal Convoluted Tubular Mechanics	12:49
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Correlations	16:31
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Clinical Effects	09:14
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Pathology	07:05
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Fanconi Syndrome	06:26
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Hartnup Disease	06:15
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Type 2 (Proximal) RTA	03:52
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Tubular Transport	07:07
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Bartter and Gitelman Syndrome	07:54
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Antenatal Bartter Syndrome	11:01
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Gitelman Syndrome	06:10
Collecting Duct (CD): Transport Mechanism	03:16
Collecting Duct (CD): Different Channels in Different Ducts	03:51
Collecting Duct (CD): Role of Aldosterone	03:54
Collecting Duct (CD): Atpase Pump	02:55
Collecting Duct (CD): Other Renal Tubular Acidoses	09:39
Collecting Duct (CD): Conn's Syndrome	10:15
Collecting Duct (CD): Summary of Clinical Findings	07:28
Quiz zum Kurs „Diseases of the Nephron“

Introduction to Renal Blood Flow	08:40
Renal Functional Anatomy	07:39
Renal Corpuscle – Juxta-glomerular Apparatus	06:50
Tubuloglomerular Feedback	02:58
Changes in Glomerular Dynamics 1	12:09
Changes in Glomerular Dynamics 2	08:59
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System	11:54
Basics of Creatinine	07:13
Clinical Application of Creatinine: Overview	08:00
Creatinine Clearance – Clinical Application of Creatinine	05:25
Causes of Increased and Decreased Ccr	07:41
Experimental Calculations of Renal Function (Part 1)	13:45
Overview and Calculations – Renal Glucose Transport and Reabsorption	21:02
Quiz zum Kurs „Renal Diagnostics“

Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Role of Calcium	05:00
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate	03:07
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Uric Acid	03:09
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Clinical Correlation	02:23
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Shock Wave Lithotripsy	02:21
Quiz zum Kurs „Nephrolithiasis“

Introduction to High Blood Pressure Medication – Drugs in Hypertension	02:04
Diuretics – Drugs in Hypertension	08:44
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone – Drugs in Hypertension	09:10
Vasodilators – Drugs in Hypertension	06:35
Alpha Agonists – Drugs in Hypertension	02:04
Beta Blockers – Drugs in Hypertension	05:07
Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve Terminal Blockers and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors – Drugs in Hypertension	01:21
Lines of Therapy – Drugs in Hypertension	07:16
Pulmonary Hypertension Medication – Drugs in Hypertension	11:32
Questions and Case Studies – Drugs in Hypertension	05:27
Quiz zum Kurs „Renal Pharmacology“

Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen: Introduction	05:39
Abdominal Regions and Reference Planes – Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen	03:46
Position of the Organs – Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen	03:51
Dermatomes – Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen	03:02
Overview – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	02:52
External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	05:00
Internal Oblique – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	01:45
Transversus Abdominis – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	01:50
Rectus Sheath I – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	07:47
Rectus Sheath II – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	03:36
Posterior View – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	01:57
Blood Supply – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	02:10
Nerve Supply – Anterolateral Abdominal Wall	03:20
Introduction and Diaphragm – Posterior Abdominal Wall	08:51
Somatic Nerves – Posterior Abdominal Wall	04:02
Abdominal Aorta – Posterior Abdominal Wall	02:42
Inferior Vena Cava – Posterior Abdominal Wall	02:39
Posterior Abdominal Wall: Conclusion	00:48
Introduction – Inguinal Region	01:40
Surface Anatomy – Inguinal Region	02:11
Inguinal Canal – Inguinal Region	12:37
Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal – Inguinal Region	01:17
Contents of the Inguinal Canal – Inguinal Region	02:45
Coverings of the Spermatic Cord – Inguinal Region	04:33
Inguinal Hernias – Inguinal Region	07:48
Anatomy of Esophagus and Stomach: Introduction	03:53
Oral Cavity and Pharynx – Esophagus and Stomach	04:09
Structures of the Stomach – Esophagus and Stomach	05:41
Stomach Ulcers – Esophagus and Stomach	04:48
Vasculature of the Stomach – Esophagus and Stomach	04:56
Esophagus and Stomach: Conclusion	00:34
Surface Anatomy – Small Intestine	04:27
In Situ View – Small Intestine	06:10
Wall Structure – Small Intestine	03:09
Duodenum – Small Intestine	03:03
Jejunum and Ileum – Small Intestine	03:10
Vasculature – Small Intestine	03:42
Nerve Supply – Small Intestine	02:04
Small Intestine: Conclusion	00:47
Surface Anatomy – Large Intestine	04:17
In Situ View – Large Intestine	02:53
In Isolation – Large Intestine	06:20
Caecum and Appendix – Large Intestine	04:20
Wall Structure – Large Intestine	03:43
Vasculature – Large Intestine	03:11
Nerve Supply – Large Intestine	01:20
Large Intestine: Conclusion	00:47
Peritoneum: Introduction	01:58
Peritoneum: Definitions	09:07
Opened Abdomen View – Peritoneum	03:19
Abdominal Cavity – Peritoneum	06:36
Lesser Sac and Lesser Omentum – Peritoneum	03:57
Greater Omentum and Greater Sac – Peritoneum	04:26
Peritoneum: Conclusion	00:28
Liver: Surface Anatomy – Liver and Gallbladder	03:26
Liver: Surface Features – Liver and Gallbladder	05:57
Liver: Peritoneal Relations – Liver and Gallbladder	02:59
Gallbladder: Biliary Tree – Liver and Gallbladder	03:15
Gallbladder: Blood Supply – Liver and Gallbladder	03:00
Liver: Segments – Liver and Gallbladder	02:18
Liver and Gallbladder: Conclusion	00:54
Pancreas: Surface Anatomy – Pancreas and Spleen	03:06
Pancreas: in Situ View – Pancreas and Spleen	04:59
Pancreas: Biliary Tree – Pancreas and Spleen	02:49
Spleen: in Situ View – Pancreas and Spleen	02:14
Blood Supply – Pancreas and Spleen	01:33
Pancreas and Spleen: Conclusion	00:36
Blood Supply – Arterial Supply to the GI Tract	07:16
Coeliac Trunk – Arterial Supply to the GI Tract	04:34
Coeliac Trunk: Branches – Arterial Supply to the GI Tract	02:16
Superior Mesenteric Artery – Arterial Supply to the GI Tract	02:21
Inferior Mesenteric Artery – Arterial Supply to the GI Tract	03:21
Arterial Supply to the GI Tract: Conclusion	00:29
Venous Drainage – Portal System	05:06
Formation Variation of the Hepatic Portal Vein – Portal System	02:23
Portal-systemic Anastomoses – Portal System	01:46
Esophageal, Gastric and Rectal Anastomoses – Portal System	02:26
Paraumbilical and Colic Anastomoses – Portal System	01:59
Inguinal Canal – Abdominal Walls and Inguinal Canal	09:37
Innervation – Abdominal Walls and Inguinal Canal	02:55
Abdominal Wall: Arterial Supply – Abdominal Walls and Inguinal Canal	03:14
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall – Abdominal Walls and Inguinal Canal	05:02
Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall – Abdominal Walls and Inguinal Canal	18:58
Overview – Pelvic Wall and Floor	03:22
Ilium and Ischium – Pelvic Wall and Floor	06:30
Assembled Pelvis – Pelvic Wall and Floor	04:37
Pelvic Wall – Pelvic Wall and Floor	04:51
Pelvic Floor – Pelvic Wall and Floor	05:48
Sexual Dimorphism – Pelvic Wall and Floor	08:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Gastrointestinal Gross Anatomy“

Early Gastrointestinal Development	06:25
Esophagus, Stomach Dilation and Rotation, Duodenal Development	09:39
Migration of Foregut Organs and Mesenteries	05:29
Development of the Midgut	10:22
Separation of Cloaca Into Urogenital Sinus and Rectum	08:27
Quiz zum Kurs „Gastrointestinal Embryology“

Oral Cavity: Introduction	03:39
Lip	03:09
Hard Palate	03:51
Salivary Glands	07:58
Tongue	06:19
Tooth	03:17
Enamel, Dentin and Cementum	05:59
Supporting Structures of the Tooth	03:44
Oral Cavity: Summary	03:06
Histology of Esophagus and Stomach: Introduction	02:30
General Organisation of the Gut Wall	07:22
Esophagus	07:52
Stomach	05:06
Gastric Mucosa and Cardiac Glands	02:44
Mucous Surface and Neck Cells	09:31
Parietal Cells	06:58
Submucosa and Muscularis Externa	04:17
Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas: Introduction	01:22
Liver	03:12
Hepatic Lobule	09:22
Hepatocytes	06:06
Liver: Summary	03:52
Gallbladder	03:49
Compound Glands	03:55
Exocrine Pancreas	03:25
Small and Large Intestine: Introduction	02:19
Small Intestine: Histology	05:58
Small Intestine: Mucosal Cells	07:07
Small Intestine: Duodenum	02:10
Small Intestine: Peyer's Patch	04:27
Small Intestine: Digestion and Absorption Processes	07:09
Large Intestine: Histology	02:43
Rectum and Anal Canal	04:50
Quiz zum Kurs „Gastrointestinal Histology“

Fundamental GI Functions – Gastrointestinal System	02:14
Overview – Gastrointestinal System	03:54
Phases of Digestion – Gastrointestinal System	03:32
Parasympathetic Nervous System – Gastrointestinal System	01:19
Sympathetic Nervous System – Gastrointestinal System	03:11
Neural Signaling Molecules – Gastrointestinal System	02:31
GI Hormones – Gastrointestinal System	03:34
Learning Outcomes – Gastrointestinal System	00:53
Introduction – Upper Gastrointestinal Secretion	05:55
Salivary Glands: Structure and Functions – Upper Gastrointestinal Secretion	02:54
Upper Gastrointestinal Secretions: Salivary and Gastric	07:23
Gastric Oxyntic Gland: Structure and Functions – Upper Gastrointestinal Secretion	02:11
Gastric Oxyntic Gland: Control and Regulation – Upper Gastrointestinal Secretion	07:56
Learning Outcomes – Upper Gastrointestinal Secretion	01:30
Pancreatic Secretions – Lower Gastrointestinal Secretion	01:54
Exocrine Pancreas – Lower Gastrointestinal Secretion	08:03
Hepatobiliary – Lower Gastrointestinal Secretion	05:14
Non-GI Glands – Lower Gastrointestinal Secretion	04:46
Learning Outcomes – Lower Gastrointestinal Secretion	00:57
Introduction – Digestion and Absorption	03:13
Digestion – Digestion and Absorption	07:09
Absorption – Digestion and Absorption	13:50
Splanchnic Circulation – Digestion and Absorption	02:41
Learning Outcomes – Digestion and Absorption	01:05
Introduction – Gastrointestinal Motility	04:02
Swallowing – Gastrointestinal Motility	05:25
Gastric Motility – Gastrointestinal Motility	04:10
Intestinal Motility – Gastrointestinal Motility	01:37
Slow Waves – Gastrointestinal Motility	03:24
Learning Outcomes – Gastrointestinal Motility	00:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Gastrointestinal Physiology“

Stomach Ulcer (Peptic Acid Disease) Medication	07:02
Motility Disorder Medication	07:38
Nausea Medication: Antiemetics – Gastrointestinal Drugs	05:40
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT) and Gallstone Prevention – Gastrointestinal Drugs	02:28
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Medication	02:25
Questions and Case Studies: GERD Medications	02:06
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Medication	11:03
Questions and Case Studies: Steroids, Cyclosporine and Crohn's Disease	07:01
Quiz zum Kurs „Gastrointestinal Pharmacology“

Gastroschisis	10:01
Omphalocele	04:35
Congenital Umbilical Hernia	03:06
Intestinal Malrotation	10:20

Sialolithiasis	06:24
Sialoadenitis	05:55
Salivary Gland Tumors	06:23

Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia	11:05
Dysphagia	10:01
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)	11:01
Esophagitis	06:53
Esophageal Tears and Perforations	05:28
Esophageal Motility Disorders	16:49
Esophageal Diverticula	06:37
Esophageal Carcinoma	11:03
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Esophagus“

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis	05:55
Gastritis	16:47
Peptic Ulcer Disease	17:48
Gastric Cancer	15:54
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)	06:41
Gastric Lymphoma (MALToma)	08:18
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Stomach“

Jejunal and Ileal Atresia	03:02
Hirschsprung Disease	11:26
Celiac Disease: Pathophysiology	07:41
Celiac Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	07:31
Tropical Sprue	07:36
Lactose Intolerance	07:17
Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology	07:43
Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	07:29
Short Bowel Syndrome and Bile Acid Malabsorption	10:54
Whipple Disease	07:35
Diarrhea: Etiology	10:07
Diarrhea: Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation	09:51
Diarrhea: Diagnosis and Treatment	07:54
Crohn Disease	11:33
Ulcerative Colitis	10:17
Differentiation of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease	09:19
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	08:30
Volvulus	07:15
Intussusception	06:05
Bowel Obstruction	10:46
Appendicitis	07:26
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis	09:22
Meckel Diverticulum	06:32
Angiodysplasia	05:20
Mesenteric Ischemia	10:37
Necrotizing Enterocolitis	07:36
Colonic Polyps: Types and Polyposis Syndromes	11:39
Colonic Polyps: Diagnosis and Management	12:27
Colorectal Cancer	09:30
Anal Fissure	05:24
Perianal and Perirectal Abscess	05:52
Rectal Prolapse	05:24
Hemorrhoids	07:58
Quiz zum Kurs „Small and Large Intestines Disorders“

Acute Liver Disease	04:46
Cirrhosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology	11:04
Cirrhosis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	08:18
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency	10:02
Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology	10:46
Hereditary Hemochromatosis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	06:46
Wilson Disease	08:43
Introduction to Viral Hepatitis	02:07
Hepatitis A	02:42
Hepatitis B	04:55
Hepatitis C	03:35
Hepatitis D	02:31
Hepatitis E	01:48
Autoimmune Hepatitis	05:05
Alcoholic Liver Disease: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology	12:47
Alcoholic Liver Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	10:14
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	11:47
Reye Syndrome	05:17
Budd-Chiari Syndrome and Veno-occlusive Disease (VOD)	12:03
Benign Liver Tumors	11:46
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Liver Metastases	14:14
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Hepatobiliary System“

Hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice)	10:55
Hyperbilirubinemia of the Newborn	10:04
Hereditary Hyperbilirubinemia Syndromes	08:53
Biliary Atresia	06:12
Choledochal Cysts	05:22
Cholelithiasis	10:19
Cholecystitis	11:17
Cholangitis	08:13
Cholangiocarcinoma	06:20
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Biliary Tract“

Annular Pancreas	03:04
Acute Pancreatitis	10:25
Chronic Pancreatitis	06:55
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of the Pancreas“

Development of the Indifferent Gonad and Ducts	06:06
Ovaries and Paramesonephric Ducts	07:44
Testes and Mesonephric Ducts	04:46
Development of External Genitalia	05:57
Hormonal Effects on External Genitalia	06:12
Germ Cells, Mitosis and Meiosis	08:26
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13	05:01
Chromosomal Abnormalities: Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Trisomy X and XYY, Mosaics, Chimeras and Structural Defects	07:49
Spermatogenesis	03:33
Oogenesis	05:20
Ovarian Cycle, Ovulation and Uterine Changes	04:07
Fertilization and Implantation	05:56
Infertility Treatments	04:27
Implantation and Trophoblast	10:10
Placenta and Fetal Membranes	07:58
Abnormalities of the Amnion, Placenta, and Umbilical Cord Part 1	04:17
Abnormalities of the Amnion, Placenta, and Umbilical Cord Part 2	04:09
Twinning and Fetal Membranes	06:08
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Embryology“

Overview – Bony Pelvis	02:51
Superior View – Pelvic Floor	06:12
Inferior and Medial View – Bony Pelvis	03:05
Male and Female Differences – Bony Pelvis	03:02
Pelvic Walls – Pelvic Floor	04:56
Structure and Components – Pelvic Floor	03:40
Conclusions – Bony Pelvis and Pelvic Floor	00:42
Male Reproductive Organs: Introduction	07:23
Bladder and Urethra – Male Reproductive Organs	05:13
Sectioned Pelvis: Bladder – Male Reproductive Organs	04:43
Testes – Male Reproductive Organs	05:14
Sperm Route and Seminal Vesicle – Male Reproductive Organs	03:57
Prostate – Male Reproductive Organs	01:37
Rectum – Male Reproductive Organs	03:30
Male Reproductive Organs: Conclusion	00:59
Female Reproductive Organs: Introduction	07:21
Vaginal Fornix – Female Reproductive Organs	02:15
Uterus: Uterine Tubes – Female Reproductive Organs	05:18
Uterus: Broad Ligament – Female Reproductive Organs	05:52
Ovaries – Female Reproductive Organs	01:35
Female Reproductive Organs: Conclusion	00:55
Branches of Internal Iliac Artery: Introduction	04:15
Anterior Branches – Branches of Internal Iliac Artery	07:07
Posterior Branches – Branches of Internal Iliac Artery	02:08
Pelvis: Paired and Unpaired Arteries – Branches of Internal Iliac Artery	02:09
Differences Between Male and Female – Branches of Internal Iliac Artery	04:49
Blood Supply of the Rectum – Branches of Internal Iliac Artery	03:05
Branches of Internal Iliac Artery: Conclusions	00:46
Perineum	03:59
Perineum: Boundaries and the Perineal Membrane	07:07
Ischioanal Fossa – Perineum and External Genitalia	04:54
The Lateral Wall of the Ischioanal Fossa – Perineum and External Genitalia	04:06
Perineal Pouches – Perineum and External Genitalia	01:50
Male Perineum	04:33
Male Perineum: Superficial Pouch	04:09
Female Perineum	06:18
Anal Canal – Perineum and External Genitalia	04:29
Analsphincters and Puborectalis – Perineum and External Genitalia	04:04
Perineum: Neurovasculature	04:43
Perineum and External Genitalia: Conclusion	00:51
Lymphatic System – Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs	03:34
Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs: Summary	06:38
Abdominopelvic Viscera – Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs	04:17
Lymphatic Drainage – Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs	08:38
Lymphatic Drainage of Abdominopelvic Organs: Conclusion	01:01
Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs: Introduction	08:30
Autonomic Nervous System – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	05:25
Foregut and Midgut – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	04:57
Hindgut – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	07:01
Rectum and Anal Canal – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	04:12
Erection, Emission and Ejaculation – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	04:06
Referred Pain – Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs	05:34
Autonomic Innervation: Summary	02:05
Autonomic Nerves of Abdominopelvic Organs: Conclusions	00:42
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Gross Anatomy“

Testis: Introduction – Male Reproductive System	04:54
Testis: Structure – Male Reproductive System	05:11
Testis: Seminiferous Tubule – Male Reproductive System	02:08
Testis: Spermatogenesis – Male Reproductive System	08:49
Testis: Sertoli Cell – Male Reproductive System	05:34
Testis: Mature Spermatozoon – Male Reproductive System	01:49
Testis: Leydig Cell – Male Reproductive System	02:32
Testis: Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis – Male Reproductive System	03:38
Other Structures – Male Reproductive System	04:01
Duct System – Male Reproductive System	07:11
Epididymis – Male Reproductive System	04:54
Ductus Deferens and Spermatic Cord – Male Reproductive System	04:24
Accessory Sex Glands – Male Reproductive System	02:26
Prostate Gland – Male Reproductive System	05:47
Penis – Male Reproductive System	05:18
Ovary: Introduction – Female Reproductive System	03:42
Ovary: Structure – Female Reproductive System	02:40
Ovary: Stages of Follicular Development – Female Reproductive System	06:35
Ovary: Primordial Follicle – Female Reproductive System	10:12
Ovary: Secondary and Mature Follicle – Female Reproductive System	08:11
Ovary: Corpus Luteum – Female Reproductive System	07:57
Ovary: Summary – Female Reproductive System	01:33
Other Structures – Female Reproductive System	03:08
Uterine Tube – Female Reproductive System	08:35
Uterus – Female Reproductive System	08:23
Proliferative Phase – Female Reproductive System	07:55
Cervix – Female Reproductive System	04:02
Vagina – Female Reproductive System	04:05
Mammary Gland – Female Reproductive System	05:04
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Histology“

Introduction to Male Reproductive Endocrinology	02:33
Testosterone Effects	04:41
Testis, Spermatogenesis and Sperm Maturation: Sertoli Cell Secretions	04:18
Introduction to Female Reproductive Endocrinology	03:56
Estrogen and Progesterone Synthesis	04:00
Estradiol and Progestin Effects	02:06
Menstrual Cycle: 28 Days Female Cycle	02:36
Endometrial Cycle	05:11
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis: Control & Regulation	02:59
Sperm and Capacitation	03:13
Fertilization	04:33
Location of Fertilization & Early Divisions: Implantation	03:30
Placenta: Blood Flow, Barriers & Exchange	04:04
Maternal Changes	06:09
Fetal & Adult Circulation: Comparison & Distribution	05:37
Changes at Birth	04:10
Milk Secretion and Production	02:59
Regulation of Lactation	05:14
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Physiology“

Introduction to Female Reproductive Pathology esp. the Vulva	01:01
Vestibular Glands: Bartholin Cyst & Vestibular Adenitis	01:25
Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Simplex Chronicus	04:16
Condyloma Acuminatum	02:44
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia & Extramammary Paget´s Disease	04:49
Vaginal Cancer	02:43
Normal Cervix	01:50
Cervical Histology	03:15
Cervical Cancer: Pathogenesis	06:29
Cervical Cancer: Risk Factors	05:45
Quiz zum Kurs „Disorders of Vulva, Vagina and Cervix“

Candidiasis	02:08
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)	01:54
Trichomonas Vaginalis	01:39
Gardnerella Vaginalis	02:34
Treponema Pallidum and Primary Syphilis	02:27
Secondary, Tertiary and Congenital Syphilis	05:31
Haemophilus Ducreyi – Morphology	01:07
Chlamydia Trachomatis	01:54
Gonorrhea	02:50
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	01:46
Quiz zum Kurs „Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)“

Anatomy of the Normal Uterus	01:39
Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding	04:40
Anovulatory Cycle	03:19
Endometrial Polyp	00:31
Leiomyoma vs. Leiomyosarcoma	03:22
Endometrial Hyperplasia	04:16
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma	02:40
Endometriosis	08:26
Inflammation of the Fallopian Tube	01:35
Tumors and Cysts in the Fallopian Tube	01:40
Quiz zum Kurs „Uterine and Fallopian Tube Disease“

Benign Cysts	01:34
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOS)	07:28
Ovarian Tumors	01:59
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Epithelial Tumors	07:40
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Endometrioid Tumors	00:53
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Germ Cell Tumors	02:35
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Mature Teratoma	03:42
Yolk Sac Tumor (Endodermal Sinus Tumor)	01:00
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Choriocarcinoma	01:24
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors & Granulosa-Theca Tumor	05:32
Types of Ovarian Tumors: Metastatic Ovarian Tumors	01:58
Quiz zum Kurs „Ovarian Diseases“

Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion	01:17
Ectopic Pregnancy	04:13
Placental Abnormalities	06:55
Abruptio Placentae	00:55
Preeclampsia	02:59
Hydatidiform Mole	07:10
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD)	01:39
Quiz zum Kurs „Pregnancy Complications“

Nipple Discharge	03:36
Breast Imaging: Mammography	04:50
Mastitis: Inflammatory Disorder of the Breast	07:31
Fibroadenoma	03:30
Fibrocystic Breast Changes	06:31
Carcinoma of the Breast: Epidemiology	08:52
Carcinoma of the Breast: Pathophysiology	09:50
Carcinoma of the Breast: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment	06:09
Gynecomastia	05:39
Quiz zum Kurs „Breast Pathology“

Introduction to Male Reproductive Pathology	03:58
Penis Disorders: Types and Clinical Representation	13:25
Cryptorchidism	03:58
Varicocele	06:10
Testicular Torsion	03:17
Scrotal Mass, Congenital- & Acquired Hydrocele and Spermatocele	03:30
Testicular Cancer	02:38
Types of Germ Cell Tumors (GCT)	06:42
Types of Non Germ Cell Tumors	02:46
Prostatitis and Prostate Cancer: Pathophysiology	05:12
Quiz zum Kurs „Male Reproductive System Diseases“

Control of Adult Male Hormonal Secretion	06:53
Leydig and Sertoli Cells	03:30
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis	07:43
Hypogonadism	03:13
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis Differentials	05:06
Male Hypogonadism	05:55
Gynecomastia	04:57
Erectile Dysfunction & Peyronie's Disease	08:23
Diagnoses of Reproductive Syndromes & Deficiencies	17:11
Hermaphroditism	03:01
Diagnoses of Reproductive Hormone Disorders– Reproductive Pathology	10:45
5-Alpha Reductase Deficiency	02:43
Androgen Receptor Antagonists	02:50
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Hormone Disorders“

Overview – Reproductive Pharmacology	02:03
Estrogens and Progestins – Reproductive Pharmacology	11:49
Anti-Estrogens and Antiprogestins – Reproductive Pharmacology	09:38
Androgens and Antiandrogens	06:53
Questions and Case Studies – Reproductive Pharmacology	03:40
Quiz zum Kurs „Reproductive Pharmacology“

Development of Tongue and Thyroid Gland	07:30
Pharyngeal Grooves and Pouches	09:16
Quiz zum Kurs „Endocrine Embryology“

Thyroid Gland – Neck	09:29
Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands: Introduction	06:17
Kidneys: Renal Capsule – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	06:01
Kidneys: Segments and Blood Supply – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	05:00
Ureters – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	02:05
Suprarenal Glands – Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands	04:21
Kidneys and Suprarenal Glands: Conclusion	00:38
Hypothalamus: Components and Functions	10:32
Quiz zum Kurs „Endocrine Gross Anatomy“

Pituitary Gland: Introduction	02:04
Pituitary Gland: Hormones	05:00
Pituitary Gland: Structure	12:33
Pituitary Gland: Anterior and Posterior Lobe	03:39
Pituitary Gland: Target Organs	05:20
Introduction to the Endocrine System	01:35
Thyroid Gland	09:22
Parathyroid Gland and Adrenal Gland	03:15
Adrenal Cortex	07:45
Adrenal Medulla	05:36
Endocrine Pancreas	05:09
Quiz zum Kurs „Endocrine Histology“

Endocrine System and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis (HPA)	02:11
Feedback Loops and Pituitary Gland	04:11
HPA Hormones & Targets and Posterior Pituitary Hormones	03:43
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis	04:30
Thyroid Hormones	05:23
Thyroid Hormone Transportation	03:04
Thyroid Hormones: Symptomatology Associated	03:44
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Cortex Axis	07:31
Adrenal Hormone Synthesis	05:36
Adrenal Functions	03:23
Endocrine Pancreas Hormones	02:08
Glucagon Basics and Regulation of Glucagon Secretion	02:29
Glucagon: Functions	03:37
Insulin Basics	03:45
Insulin Secretion and Regulation	06:32
Insulin: Functions	03:00
Insulin: Metabolic Effects and Counterregulatory Hormones	03:35
Quiz zum Kurs „Endocrine Physiology“

Introduction to Insulin	04:13
Insulin Types and Glycemic Excursions – Diabetes Medications	08:37
Secretagogues and Biguanides – Diabetes Medications	04:47
Metformin, Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones — Diabetes Medications	05:40
DPP-4 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Analogues — Diabetes Medications	04:30
SGLT2 Inhibitors – Diabetes Medications	12:20
Case Studies – Diabetes Medications	01:59
Diabetes Medications – Summary	01:41
Overview – Adrenal Pharmacology	00:44
Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids – Adrenal Pharmacology	07:16
Catecholamines – Adrenal Pharmacology	02:57
Questions and Case Studies – Adrenal Pharmacology	04:01
Drugs for Hypothyroidism – Thyroid Medications	07:43
Drugs for Hyperthyroidism – Thyroid Medications	11:43
Hormonal Regulators: PTH and Vitamin D – Bone and Calcium Medications	06:34
Hormonal Regulators: Calcitonin, Estrogen and Glucocorticoids – Bone and Calcium Medications	06:15
Non-hormonal Regulators: Bisphosphonates, Fluoride and Calcimimetics – Bone and Calcium Medications	07:08
Biological Agents: RANKL Inhibitors – Bone and Calcium Medications	05:19
Case Studies – Bone and Calcium Medications	03:05
Quiz zum Kurs „Endocrine Pharmacology“

Pituitary Hormones	15:34
Cell Surface Receptors	17:19
Steroid Hormone Receptors	06:41
Hormone Binding Proteins	03:17
Quiz zum Kurs „Introduction to the Endocrine System“

Actions of ADH	05:24
Dysregulation of ADH	04:02
Central Diabetes Insipidus	09:03
SIADH: Clinical Presentation	05:55
SIADH: Diagnosis and Treatment	05:09
Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Differential Diagnoses	09:43
Cell Types	03:46
Types of Peptide Hormones	11:25
Hypothalamic Hormones	10:13
Hypopituitarism	12:35
Pituitary Apoplexy and Sheehan’s Syndrome	04:08
Pituitary Sellar Masses	09:24
Hyperprolactinemia	20:52
Control of Growth Hormone Release	11:26
Acromegaly (Growth Hormone Excess)	08:18
Quiz zum Kurs „Pituitary Gland Disorders“

Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis (HPT-Axis)	07:19
Thyroid Hormone Function	18:51
Thyroid Function Tests	02:58
Euthyroid Hyperthyroxinemia – Euthyroid Conditions	08:48
Euthyroid Hypothyroxinemia – Euthyroid Conditions	07:08
Differential Diagnoses & T3-Resin Uptake – Euthyroid Conditions	06:43
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst	03:59
Introduction & Graves' Disease – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	09:51
Graves' Disease: Treatment – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	06:58
Thyroiditis – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	13:10
Amiodarone-induced Thyroiditis – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	04:30
Thyroid Storm & Subclinical Hyperthyroidism – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	11:42
Introduction – Hypothyroidism	09:31
Hashimoto’s Disease – Hypothyroidism	03:12
Hypothyroidism	05:25
Diagnostic Tests – Hypothyroidism	05:18
Goiter and Thyroid Nodules	06:22
Thyroid Adenomas and Thyroid Carcinomas	07:06
Types of Thyroid Carcinoma	09:12
Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Pathology	11:36
Differential Diagnoses – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)	05:36
Quiz zum Kurs „Thyroid Gland Disorders“

Introduction & Hypothalamus – Adrenal Cortex	17:58
Overview of the Adrenal Gland – Adrenal Cortex	04:09
Cortisol and Aldosterone Synthesis – Adrenal Cortex	05:15
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) – Adrenal Cortex	09:35
Adrenal Incidentalomas – Adrenal Cortex	03:14
Hyperaldosteronism	09:51
Hypoaldosteronism	06:40
Introduction to Cortisol and Hypercortisolism – Adrenal Gland	07:29
Introduction to Cushing’s Syndrome – Adrenal Gland	17:50
Screening Tests for Hypercortisolism – Adrenal Gland	05:22
Management of Cushing’s Syndrome – Adrenal Gland	03:39
Adrenal Insufficiency: Definition & Etiology	07:40
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome & Addison´s Disease – Adrenal Insufficiency	07:28
Diagnosis – Adrenal Insufficiency	09:26
Glucocorticoids in Pharmacology – Adrenal Insufficiency	01:31
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) – Adrenal Insufficiency	09:05
Sympathoadrenal System and Catecholamine – Adrenal Medulla	04:41
Pheochromocytoma – Adrenal Medulla	09:12
Hereditary Disorders: Von-Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, Sturge-Weber-Syndrome, Neuroblastoma, MEN2A & MEN2B – Andrenal Medulla	05:33
Quiz zum Kurs „Adrenal Gland Disorders“

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) – Enteroendocrine Tumors	06:55
Gastrinoma – Enteroendocrine Tumors	03:08
Glucagonoma (Alpha Cell Tumor) – Enteroendocrine Tumors	00:59
VIPoma – Enteroendocrine Tumors	02:02
Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Insulin – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones	08:04
Glucose Homeostasis – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones	03:44
Mechanism of Insulin Action & Types of Metabolism – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones	05:56
Glucagon: Actions and Effects from α-Cells – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones	03:13
Overview of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	05:02
Types of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	10:00
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	04:07
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	05:38
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	06:14
Metabolic Syndrome – Hyperglycemia	01:18
Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia	04:31
Acute and Chronic Diabetes Complications	04:22
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) – Diabetes Complications	13:18
Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic State – Diabetes Complications	02:38
Diabetic Retinopathy (Diabetic Eye Disease) – Diabetes Complications	06:32
Diabetic Nephropathy (Diabetic Kidney Disease) – Diabetes Complications	04:11
Diabetic Neuropathy: Autonomic Neuropathy – Diabetes Complications	10:59
Diabetes Skin Manifestations: Acanthosis Nigricans and Necrobiosis Lipoidica – Diabetes Complications	02:06
Insulin: Therapy and Types – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	09:16
Dawn Phenomenon	01:41
Treatment of Insulin Overdose – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	04:54
Retired - Oral Agents for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	00:13
Glucose Monitoring: Glucometer and Hemoglobin A1C – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	01:36
Quiz zum Kurs „Pancreatic Disease and Diabetes“

Overview of Calcium Metabolism Disorders	08:36
Hypercalcemia: Definition & Clinical Manifestation	03:49
Hypercalcemia: Types & Causes	05:35
Primary Hyperparathyroidism & Effects of Hyperparathyroidism	05:07
Clinical Features of Primary Hyperparathyroidism & Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica	03:20
Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism	03:08
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (THPT)	05:50
Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia and Knowledge Check	04:31
Treatment of Severe Hypercalcemia	01:48
Hypocalcemia: Differential Analysis of Causes	04:16
Hypoparathyroidism	04:21
Pseudohypoparathyroidism	02:47
Acute Hypocalcemia	03:29
Vitamin D Deficiency: Vitamin D Production and Effects	02:04
Rickets	02:28
Differential Analysis of Vitamin D Dysfunction and Deficiency	04:35
Interpretation of Serum Calcium and Serum Phosphate Levels	01:43
Quiz zum Kurs „Parathyroid Gland Disorders“

Osteoporosis: Introduction & Causes	03:31
Osteoporosis: Risk Factors	01:09
Osteoporosis: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis	05:21
Osteoporosis: Treatment and Management	04:40
Paget's Disease of Bone	10:47
Quiz zum Kurs „Bone Disease“

Quiz zum Kurs „Year 1 - Phase 1: Preclerkship“