Entdecken Sie, was Sie lernen können.

Mit Videokursen für Beruf, Studium und Freizeit.

UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills

Von Stuart Enoch, PhD, Noor Sash, PhD, Joseph Alpert, MD u.a.

Dieser Kurs ist nur für Mitglieder der Institution verfügbar.

Du bist nicht eingeloggt. Du musst dich und Mitglied dieser Institution werden um Zugang zu erhalten. In unserer Hilfe findest du Informationen wie du Mitglied einer Institution werden kannst.

Inhalte

ECG (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation

play symbol How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction
09:11
play symbol Cardiac Action Potential
04:16
lecture locked Standard 12 Lead ECG
02:22
lecture locked Systematic ECG Interpretation
13:47
lecture locked ECG Case: 22-year-old Man with Anterior Chest Pain
01:40
lecture locked Review of Normal ECG
03:07
lecture locked ECG of Myocardial Infarction (MI): STEMI vs. NSTEMI
05:23
lecture locked ECG of Inferior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
02:24
lecture locked ECG of Anterior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:45
lecture locked Abnormal Q Waves: ECGs of Healed Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:21
lecture locked Abnormal T Waves: Differentiating Pericarditis from Myocardial Infarction (MI)
05:08
lecture locked ECG Case: 67-year-old Diabetic Man with Low Blood Pressure
02:02
lecture locked ECG Case: 17-year-old Man with Pressure Feeling under Sternum
01:41
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Hypertrophy
12:07
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Enlargement
01:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 52-year-old Man with Shortness of Breath
02:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 44-year-old Woman with Shortness of Breath and Fatigue
01:52
lecture locked Review of Cardiac Conduction System
04:04
lecture locked Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
08:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 70-year-old Man with Acute Anterior MI
02:29
lecture locked Sick Sinus Syndrome and Sinus Exit Block
04:12
lecture locked First-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked Second-degree AV Blocks
08:10
lecture locked Third-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked ECG Case: 88-year-old Man with Syncope
01:38
lecture locked Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Introduction
04:04
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Premature Beats
02:39
lecture locked ECG of Supraventricular Tachycardia
02:35
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation
04:44
lecture locked ECG of Nodale Extra Systoles
01:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 80-year-old Woman with Palpitations and Shortness of Breath
01:44
lecture locked Types of Pacemaker
13:27
lecture locked How to Read a Pacemaker ECG
01:57
lecture locked Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) Pacemaker
03:10
lecture locked ECG Case: 77-year-old Man with Pacemaker
01:06
lecture locked ECG of Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
03:44
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Arrest
03:09
lecture locked ECG of Torsades de Pointes
01:37
lecture locked ECG Case: 40-year-old Woman with 'Extra Heart Beats'
01:42
lecture locked Effects of Electrolyte Abnormalities on the ECG
07:37
lecture locked Effects of Drugs on the ECG
02:17
lecture locked ECG Case: 65-year-old Man with CRF Misses Dialysis
01:11
lecture locked How to Read an ECG: Conclusion
05:38
lecture locked Power ECG Case Session
14:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation“

ECG Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation

play symbol How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction
09:11
play symbol Cardiac Action Potential
04:16
lecture locked Standard 12 Lead ECG
02:22
lecture locked Systematic ECG Interpretation
13:47
lecture locked ECG Case: 22-year-old Man with Anterior Chest Pain
01:40
lecture locked Review of Normal ECG
03:07
lecture locked ECG of Myocardial Infarction (MI): STEMI vs. NSTEMI
05:23
lecture locked ECG of Inferior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
02:24
lecture locked ECG of Anterior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:45
lecture locked Abnormal Q Waves: ECGs of Healed Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:21
lecture locked Abnormal T Waves: Differentiating Pericarditis from Myocardial Infarction (MI)
05:08
lecture locked ECG Case: 67-year-old Diabetic Man with Low Blood Pressure
02:02
lecture locked ECG Case: 17-year-old Man with Pressure Feeling under Sternum
01:41
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Hypertrophy
12:07
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Enlargement
01:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 52-year-old Man with Shortness of Breath
02:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 44-year-old Woman with Shortness of Breath and Fatigue
01:52
lecture locked Review of Cardiac Conduction System
04:04
lecture locked Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
08:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 70-year-old Man with Acute Anterior MI
02:29
lecture locked Sick Sinus Syndrome and Sinus Exit Block
04:12
lecture locked First-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked Second-degree AV Blocks
08:10
lecture locked Third-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked ECG Case: 88-year-old Man with Syncope
01:38
lecture locked Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Introduction
04:04
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Premature Beats
02:39
lecture locked ECG of Supraventricular Tachycardia
02:35
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation
04:44
lecture locked ECG of Nodale Extra Systoles
01:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 80-year-old Woman with Palpitations and Shortness of Breath
01:44
lecture locked Types of Pacemaker
13:27
lecture locked How to Read a Pacemaker ECG
01:57
lecture locked Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) Pacemaker
03:10
lecture locked ECG Case: 77-year-old Man with Pacemaker
01:06
lecture locked ECG of Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
03:44
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Arrest
03:09
lecture locked ECG of Torsades de Pointes
01:37
lecture locked ECG Case: 40-year-old Woman with 'Extra Heart Beats'
01:42
lecture locked Effects of Electrolyte Abnormalities on the ECG
07:37
lecture locked Effects of Drugs on the ECG
02:17
lecture locked ECG Case: 65-year-old Man with CRF Misses Dialysis
01:11
lecture locked How to Read an ECG: Conclusion
05:38
lecture locked Power ECG Case Session
14:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation“

ECG Placement & Interpretation Demonstration (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation

play symbol How to Read an Electrocardiogram (ECG): Introduction
09:11
play symbol Cardiac Action Potential
04:16
lecture locked Standard 12 Lead ECG
02:22
lecture locked Systematic ECG Interpretation
13:47
lecture locked ECG Case: 22-year-old Man with Anterior Chest Pain
01:40
lecture locked Review of Normal ECG
03:07
lecture locked ECG of Myocardial Infarction (MI): STEMI vs. NSTEMI
05:23
lecture locked ECG of Inferior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
02:24
lecture locked ECG of Anterior Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:45
lecture locked Abnormal Q Waves: ECGs of Healed Myocardial Infarction (MI)
03:21
lecture locked Abnormal T Waves: Differentiating Pericarditis from Myocardial Infarction (MI)
05:08
lecture locked ECG Case: 67-year-old Diabetic Man with Low Blood Pressure
02:02
lecture locked ECG Case: 17-year-old Man with Pressure Feeling under Sternum
01:41
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Hypertrophy
12:07
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Enlargement
01:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 52-year-old Man with Shortness of Breath
02:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 44-year-old Woman with Shortness of Breath and Fatigue
01:52
lecture locked Review of Cardiac Conduction System
04:04
lecture locked Bundle Branch and Fascicular Blocks
08:58
lecture locked ECG Case: 70-year-old Man with Acute Anterior MI
02:29
lecture locked Sick Sinus Syndrome and Sinus Exit Block
04:12
lecture locked First-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked Second-degree AV Blocks
08:10
lecture locked Third-degree AV Blocks
01:40
lecture locked ECG Case: 88-year-old Man with Syncope
01:38
lecture locked Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Introduction
04:04
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Premature Beats
02:39
lecture locked ECG of Supraventricular Tachycardia
02:35
lecture locked ECG of Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation
04:44
lecture locked ECG of Nodale Extra Systoles
01:01
lecture locked ECG Case: 80-year-old Woman with Palpitations and Shortness of Breath
01:44
lecture locked Types of Pacemaker
13:27
lecture locked How to Read a Pacemaker ECG
01:57
lecture locked Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) Pacemaker
03:10
lecture locked ECG Case: 77-year-old Man with Pacemaker
01:06
lecture locked ECG of Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)
03:44
lecture locked ECG of Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Arrest
03:09
lecture locked ECG of Torsades de Pointes
01:37
lecture locked ECG Case: 40-year-old Woman with 'Extra Heart Beats'
01:42
lecture locked Effects of Electrolyte Abnormalities on the ECG
07:37
lecture locked Effects of Drugs on the ECG
02:17
lecture locked ECG Case: 65-year-old Man with CRF Misses Dialysis
01:11
lecture locked How to Read an ECG: Conclusion
05:38
lecture locked Power ECG Case Session
14:59
Quiz zum Kurs „Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation“

Administration of Local Anesthetic, Subcutaneous, and Intramuscular Injections Lecture/Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Overview – Local Anesthetics
05:39
lecture locked Esters and Amides – Local Anesthetics
05:28
lecture locked Questions – Local Anesthetics and Opioid Analgesics
05:18
lecture locked Local Anesthetics – Analgesics, Case Reports and Obstetrical Pain
01:34
lecture locked Local Anesthesia
09:50
Quiz zum Kurs „Administration of Local Anesthetic, Subcutaneous, and Intramuscular Injections Lecture/Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

Laceration Repair (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Wound Healing: Primary Intention – Inflammation and Wound Repair
05:21
lecture locked Wound Healing: Impaired Healing – Inflammation and Wound Repair
03:48
lecture locked Lacerations, Wounds and Bites in Children
06:55
Quiz zum Kurs „Laceration Repair (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

Laceration Repair Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Wound Healing: Primary Intention – Inflammation and Wound Repair
05:21
lecture locked Wound Healing: Impaired Healing – Inflammation and Wound Repair
03:48
lecture locked Lacerations, Wounds and Bites in Children
06:55
Quiz zum Kurs „Laceration Repair Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

Basic Ultrasound (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Antenatal Care: Establishing Gestational Age with Ultrasound
04:45
lecture locked Ultrasound Imaging and Terminology
05:11
lecture locked Doppler Ultrasound
03:13
lecture locked Peripheral Venous and Arterial Ultrasound – Instrument Based Diagnostic Techniques
04:40
lecture locked Ultrasound of the Lungs
04:44
Quiz zum Kurs „Basic Ultrasound (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

Endotracheal Intubation Lecture/Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Introduction – Difficult Airway
05:58
lecture locked If You Can Not Intubate – Difficult Airway
01:30
lecture locked If You Can Not Intubate and Ventilate – Difficult Airway
02:26
lecture locked Intubating the Patient – General Anesthesia
07:26
Quiz zum Kurs „Endotracheal Intubation Lecture/Lab (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

Incision & Drainage of Abscess (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

lecture locked Abscesses – Staphylococcus Aureus
09:01
Quiz zum Kurs „Incision & Drainage of Abscess (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

BLS Training (4 hours) (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

play symbol High-quality CPR
06:05
play symbol Management after CPR
06:29
Quiz zum Kurs „BLS Training (4 hours) (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)“

ACLS Training (12 hours) (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

The ICU

play symbol Special Employees and Conditions in the ICU: Introduction
01:45
lecture locked Types – Special Employees and Conditions in the ICU
01:35
lecture locked Employees – Special Employees and Conditions in the ICU
04:51
lecture locked Common Conditions – Special Employees and Conditions in the ICU
06:11
lecture locked Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy – Special Devices (ICU and Brain Death Determination)
01:22
lecture locked Intra-aortic Balloon Pump – Special Devices (ICU and Brain Death Determination)
02:26
lecture locked Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome – Special Devices (ICU and Brain Death Determination)
04:11
lecture locked Sedation in the ICU – Special Devices (ICU and Brain Death Determination)
04:29
lecture locked Brain Death Determination – Special Devices (ICU and Brain Death Determination)
05:07
Quiz zum Kurs „The ICU“

Cardiovascular Emergencies and Shock

play symbol Cardiac Arrest: Initial Assessment
06:12
play symbol High-quality CPR
06:05
play symbol Management after CPR
06:29
lecture locked Ventricular Fibrillation/Tachycardia
04:57
lecture locked Epinephrine and Amiodarone
06:30
lecture locked Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)
09:46
lecture locked PEA: Treatment and Interventions
04:16
lecture locked Asystole
03:00
lecture locked Chest Pain: Definition & Examination
03:52
lecture locked Chest Pain: Physical Exam & History
05:47
lecture locked Chest Pain: Additional Tests
03:25
lecture locked Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): Treatment and Assessment
15:41
lecture locked Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): ECG & Risk Patients
10:10
lecture locked Aortic Dissection: Incidence & Risk Factors
05:24
lecture locked Aortic Dissection: History & Classic Findings
07:54
lecture locked Aortic Dissection: Surgery & Medication
07:50
lecture locked Aortic Dissection: Surgical Alternatives & Care Pathway
04:50
lecture locked Unstable Tachyarrhythmia and Rhythm Identification
08:32
lecture locked Ventricular (VT) & Supraventricular (SVT) Tachycardia
06:53
lecture locked Supraventricular Tachycardias with a Narrow QRS Complex
08:09
lecture locked Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
08:35
lecture locked Bradyarrhythmias: Definition & Types
04:24
lecture locked Bradyarrhythmias: Three Degrees of AV-Block
09:45
lecture locked Bradyarrhythmias: Management
05:15
lecture locked Shock: Definition & Determinations
04:17
lecture locked Shock: Types & Clinical Manifestations
07:41
lecture locked Shock: General Management
05:57
play symbol Sepsis and Septic Shock: Pathophysiology & Clinical Definition
06:54
play symbol Sepsis and Septic Shock: Sources & Diagnosis
08:56
play symbol Sepsis and Septic Shock: Treatment
09:39
Quiz zum Kurs „Cardiovascular Emergencies and Shock“

Clinical & Bedside Skills Examination (UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills)

The Physical Exam (MRCS)

play symbol Expose the Patient
02:15
lecture locked Examining the Stomach
02:06
lecture locked Examining the Liver
02:23
lecture locked Auscultation
01:17
lecture locked Completing the Examination
02:33
lecture locked JVP
04:45
lecture locked Shifting Dullness
02:29
lecture locked Scratch Test
02:48
Quiz zum Kurs „The Physical Exam (MRCS)“
Quiz zum Kurs „UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills“

Details

  • Enthaltene Vorträge: 109
  • Laufzeit: 8:59 h
  • Enthaltene Quizfragen: 307
  • Enthaltene Lernmaterialien: 32

Dozenten des Kurses UMHB 6250 - Clinical Skills

 Stuart Enoch, PhD

Stuart Enoch, PhD

Dr. Stuart Enoch is the founder and executive director of the Doctors Academy Group, an independent medical education provider in the UK.
After completing a PhD in Cell Biology at the University of Cardiff and a Postgraduate Certificate in Medical Sciences at the University of Liverpool, he pursued Specialist Training in Burns and Plastic Surgery.
In addition to clinical work, he has been actively involved in medical education and training throughout his career. He has won several awards and research fellowships and co-chairs global events, e.g., the International Medical Summer School in Manchester.
Within Lecturio, he teaches the MRCS Part A Revision Course.

 Noor Sash, PhD

Noor Sash, PhD

Dr. Sash Noor worked as a trainer at Doctors Academy, UK, which is one of the world’s largest providers of medical education and training that complements the programs offered by medical universities, institutions, and hospitals.
Within Lecturio, she teaches courses on the Physical Examination.

 Joseph Alpert, MD

Joseph Alpert, MD

Dr. Joseph Alpert is the Professor of Medicine in the Department of Medicine, Director of Coronary Care and Medical Director of Cardiac Rehabilitation at the University of Arizona (UA) College of Medicine, USA.
He obtained his Medical Degree cum laude from Harvard Medical School in 1969. Currently, he is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Association of Professors of Medicine, and Editor-in-Chief of The American Journal of Medicine.
Due to his achievements, he earned the Gifted Teacher Award from the American College of Cardiology in 2004.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Alpert teaches courses on Cardiology and the Cardiac System.

 Brian Warriner, MD, FRCPC

Brian Warriner, MD, FRCPC

Dr. Brian Warriner was the Head of the Department of Anesthesia at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and an active clinician and teacher in the UBC Faculty of Medicine.
He obtained his MD from the University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1980. He was a member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada’s exam board in anesthesiology, and worked at Mulago Hospital and Makerere University in Uganda as a health system accreditor/surveyor for Accreditation Canada.
Due to his achievements, he earned the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society Clinical Practitioner Award in 2019.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Warriner taught courses on Anesthesiology. He retired from clinical practice in 2016 and sadly passed away in 2019.

 Vincent Racaniello, PhD

Vincent Racaniello, PhD

Dr. Vincent Racaniello is a Higgins Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at Columbia University, in New York, USA.
He obtained his PhD at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, in New York City, in 1979 and joined the faculty of Columbia University in 1982.
Because of his achievements, he has received several awards, including the Irma T. Hirschl, Searle Scholars Program, Eli Lilly, and NIH Merit Awards. Dr. Racaniello is interested in using new media for medical education; he writes on his virology blog and hosts and produces several podcasts.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Racaniello teaches courses on Microbiology.

 Carlo Raj, MD

Carlo Raj, MD

Dr. Carlo Raj is a Physician and Lecturer at Becker’s Healthcare, in Illinois, USA, and the CEO and founder of Indus Intellect Virtual MedEd, a medical education consulting company.
He obtained his MD from Medical University of the Americas (MUA) and is an international lecturer and public speaker.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Raj teaches courses on Pathology.

 Pravin Shukle, MD

Pravin Shukle, MD

Dr. Pravin Shukle is a board certified specialist in internal medicine and currently works as an Independent Medical Practice Professional in Ontario, Canada.
He graduated from the University of Saskatchewan in 1994.
Dr. Shukle is an avid speaker and performs over 150 special lectures across the nation each year with various audiences ranging from the general public, to nurses, to physicians, to medical specialists.
Within Lecturio, he teaches courses on Pharmacology.

 Brian Alverson, MD

Brian Alverson, MD

Dr. Brian Alverson is the Residency Director at Nemours Children's Hospital in Wilmington, Delaware and a Professor of Pediatrics at Jefferson University in Philadelphia. Until 2022, he has been a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Medical Science at Brown University, as well as the Director for the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine at Hasbro Children's Hospital, Rhode Island, USA.

He obtained his MD at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1999 and is currently also the Director of Undergraduate Pediatric Education at the Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University.

Due to his achievements in pediatric education, he has won over 25 teaching awards at two Ivy League Medical Schools.

Within Lecturio, Dr. Alverson teaches courses on Pediatrics.

 Veronica Gillispie, MD, MAS, FACOG

Veronica Gillispie, MD, MAS, FACOG

Dr. Veronica Gillispie is the Associate Professor, Senior Site Lead and Section Head of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Ochsner Health Center in Louisiana, USA.
She obtained her Medical Degree from Meharry Medical College in 2004. Currently, she is Director of Quality for Women’s Services for the Ochsner Health System, and Medical Director of the Minimally Invasive Center for the Treatment of Uterine Fibroids.
Due to her achievements, she earned the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) Excellence in Teaching Award.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Gillispie teaches courses on Obstetrics.

 Hetal Verma, MD

Hetal Verma, MD

Dr. Hetal Verma is a Clinical Instructor of Radiology and the Co-Director of the Radiology Cambridge Integrated Clerkship at Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
She is a graduate of the University of Massachusetts Medical School and completed her Breast Imaging fellowship at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Since 2012, she is the Director of Breast Imaging at Cambridge Health Alliance Radiology, a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School.
She is passionate about women's health and has vast experience in teaching medical students and residents at Harvard Medical School.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Verma teaches courses on Radiology.

 Julianna Jung, MD, FACEP

Julianna Jung, MD, FACEP

Dr. Julianna Jung is an Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.
She obtained her MD at Johns Hopkins University in 1999. Since 2006, she is the Director of Medical Student Education in the Emergency Medicine Department, and she was appointed the Associate Director of the Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center in 2011.
She directs several major educational initiatives for medical students at Johns Hopkins, and her work has been recognized with several teaching awards, including the prestigious George J. Stuart Award.
Within Lecturio, Dr. Jung teaches courses on Emergency Medicine.


Rezensionen

(174)
4,7 von 5 Sternen
5 Sterne
153
4 Sterne
6
3 Sterne
8
2 Sterne
1
1  Stern
6
 
Informative videos
von Susan K. am 21. März 2024 für Antenatal Care: Establishing Gestational Age with Ultrasound

Great topics, helps with learning and retention! Highly recommended the ON videos!

 
Excellent teacher
von Elena V. am 30. September 2023 für ECG Case: 88-year-old Man with Syncope

Dr. Joseph Alpert explains clearly what us, students, always miss by ourselves. Really great series of lectures!!!

 
fair
von Oluwafunto O. am 27. September 2023 für JVP

fair explanation but would have preferred her to do more demonstration using too

 
Good lecture, needs material updates/error fixes
von Marat S. am 27. August 2023 für Second-degree AV Blocks

Good lecture overall. Downloadable slide materials do not contain all slides and need to be updated (I note this issue was raised by another commenter 3 years ago and responded to indicating it was fixed at that time although the issue persists currently), a few mis-spoken moments need either an audio re-record or an on-screen note (3:1 type 1 2nd degree block first described as 3:4, then as 2:1)