00:01
Hi, welcome to the pharmacology lectures by Lecturio.
I'm Dr. Pravin Shukle
and we're going to cover some toxicology today,
specifically drugs of abuse.
00:11
Let's talk about alcohols. We have several
clinically important alcohols and their antagonists.
00:17
In terms of alcohols, the most important ones are
ethanol, methanol and ethylene glycol.
00:24
We use some drugs to treat alcohol withdrawal. We use
thiamine and we also use sedative hypnotics such as diazepam.
00:32
We use alcohol dependence drugs like disulfiram
and naltrexone and other medications
to treat patients who are dependant upon alcohol. And finally,
we treat acute methanol or ethylene glycol intoxication
with drugs like ethanol or fomepizole.
00:50
In terms of how alcohol is absorbed,
it's eliminated through zero order kinetics.
00:56
So if you go back to your first pharmacology lectures, we
can understand what first order and zero order kinetics are.
01:02
The volume of distribution is equivalent to your body water.
And it is a polar molecule,
so it does cross the blood brain barrier quite easily.
That's why we get intoxicated.
01:13
Ethanol is broken down by one of two systems.
The first system is alcohol dehydrogenase.
01:19
It is saturatable at about 7 to 10 g/hour. And that's because
you run out of NAD to power that particular enzyme.
01:29
It is more active in men than compared to women.
01:32
The second way that alcohol is broken down in the body
is through the MEOS system
where the microsomal ethanol oxidating system.
It is active at high levels of ethanol poisoning.
01:45
And generally speaking, it can be induced because
it is affected through cytochrome systems.
01:51
This contributes to acetaminophen toxicity as well
and we're going to talk about that later.
01:57
Antabuse or disulfram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase.
What ends up happening is you get a lot of accumulation
of the byproducts of ethanol. You get more flushing
and nausea and you accumulate acetaldehyde.
02:12
Now, one of the things that you need to know
about aldehyde dehydrogenase
is that it can also be inhibited by certain drugs like
metronidazole, oral hypoglycemics and some cephalosporins.
02:24
And some Asians will have a deficiency of ADH,
which makes them more susceptible to ethanol side effects
such as flushing and nausea.
02:35
Wood alcohol or methanol is another form of alcohol
that causes a lot of poisoning,
and particularly in people who are moonshiners
and those people make ethanol improperly.
02:46
It is also found in windshield cleaners and in some fuels.
It causes direct intoxications.
02:53
So the methanol itself is intoxicating.
02:56
However, one of the problems with methanol intoxication
is that the breakdown products are very very toxic.
03:02
So, formaldehyde is converted to formic acid, and causes an acidosis, causes eye damage or retinal damage,
and it can cause blindness.
03:12
This is why we talk about wood alcohol blindness.
03:16
Fomepizole is a drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase.
So, it allows methanol itself to be excreted unchanged
in the urine so you don't build up
toxic levels of formaldehyde.
03:28
Ethanol is a competitive inhibitor of
methanol intoxication and metabolism,
so sometimes we will actually treat
methanol toxicity with ethanol.
03:39
Myself have treated a number of patients who had drink
wood alcohol or methanol with intravenous ethanol
to the point where we actually had to intubate them
and put them on ventilators
to compensate for the severe intoxication from
the ethanol until they can clear the methanol
and then they just were allowed to wear off
the ethanol on their own.
04:04
Ethylene glycol is the third most common alcohol out there.
You can see that it is inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
04:11
It is often found in antifreeze. And the oxalic acid
byproduct can cause severe metabolic acidosis.
04:21
Fomepizole is a drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase.
I had mentioned it to you earlier.
04:27
We can use it in ethylene glycol intoxication which allows
the unchanged ethylene glycol to be excreted.
04:35
Once again, we can use ethanol as well as a treatment
and it is a competitive inhibitor.
04:41
So, let's go to a question.
A 48-year-old man was drinking heavily for 4 days.
04:47
He normally drinks less than 9 drinks per week.
He is at risk for one of these five conditions.
04:58
The answer is ventricular tachycardia. So, we worried
about ventricular tachycardia in this patient because
it is one of the acute effects of heavy drinking.
05:08
Chronic drinkers who are heavy drinkers are at risk of
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome or the other conditions.
05:15
But acute toxicity, ventricular tachycardia is
something that we are concern about.
05:21
Let's go on to the next question. A 16-year-old boy arrives
in the emergency room with confusion, ataxia and foul breath.
05:29
He is accompanied by three minors in a similar state.
Blood work shows a metabolic acidosis.
05:35
Which of the following is not likely?
So, let's take a look at the choices.
05:40
It could be ingestion of ethanol, of methanol,
of antifreeze, of "canned heat"
or "huffing" or inhaling the fumes of an unknown fuel.
So, which of these is not likely?
The answer is ethanol. And the reason why I want you
to get this question is because you need to know that
ingestion of ethanol will not cause a metabolic acidosis
whereas all of the others can.