00:01
In this lecture, we’re going to look at the
joints of the lower limb. So we’re going
to look at numerous joints that are located
within the inferior appendicular skeleton.
00:12
We’re going to look at the hip joints, the knee
joints, the talofibular joints, the ankle
joints, the various joints of the foot, and
then finish by looking briefly at the arches
of the foot. So to start off with, we’re
going to look at the hip joints. Here on
the screen, we can see a number of images which
are really going to highlight various features
of the hip joint. So here, can see the anterior
aspect where we’ve got the head of the femur
going to articulate with the acetabulum. Here,
you can see the actual deep acetabular fossa
with the head sitting within it. Here, we
can see various parts of the joint capsule
and some ligaments that are going to strengthen
this joint. So the hip joint connects the
lower limb, the femur, to the pelvis forming
the pelvic girdle. The articulation is a ball
and socket joint that is very stable with
the large head of the femur sitting in the
deep acetabulum formed by the three bones
of the pelvis. As we mentioned in the first
lecture, these are the pubis, the ilium, and
the ischium. The increased stability of the
hip joint compared to the shoulder joint in
the upper limb is important to support the
body weight, but whereas, the glenohumeral
joint was unstable but offered a wide range
of movement. The stability of the hip joint
means that some movements are compromised
and there’s not as much an extensive array
of movement possible at the hip joint.
01:50
So here, we can see the hip joint has been opened
up, and we can see here on this right view
of the hip joints, we have the head of the
femur. The head of the femur is covered by
this articular cartilage except at the fovea
which has the ligament of the head of the
femur attaching. The depth of the acetabulum
is increased by way of this acetabular labrum
which is running around the surface, the perimeter
of the acetabulum. And that increases the
depth. So the rim of the acetabulum formed
by the semilunar articular portion of articular
cartilage, here we can see this lunate surface,
this semilunar portion here, this lunate surface.
02:38
And this is articular cartilage which allows
the head of the femur to rotate within
the acetabulum. As I mentioned, the depth of the
acetabulum is increased by this acetabular
labrum. And we also have more inferiorly we
have the transverse acetabular ligament, which
we can see here. So if we look at the joint
capsule of the hip joints, then it passes
from the rim of the acetabulum, which we can
see here, of the pelvis to the intertrochanteric
line ateriorly and proximal to the intertrochanteric
crest posteriorly. So here we have the anterior
view and it’s passing to the intertrochanteric line
between the greater and the lesser trochantus.
03:29
And posteriorly here, we can see the joint capsule
is passing just proximal to the intertrochanteric
crest, which we can see here. So we can see
exposed is the neck of the femur. If we were
to look at the hip joint in more detail, then
we would see we have these thickenings of
the fibrous capsule and a spiral across the
joint and form specific ligaments. We have
the iliofemoral ligament. This is running
anteriorly and superiorly. It attaches to
the anterior inferior iliac spine and the
acetabular rim passing to the intertrochanteric
line. So we can see the iliofemoral ligament
passing down here. We can see we have it passing
in this direction. This ligament prevents
hyperextension. We also have the pubofemoral
ligaments, and this is positioned anteriorly
and inferiorly. We can see it here.
04:29
It’s running from the obturator crest of the pubic
bone, and this merges with the fibrous capsule
of the hip joint. It prevents excessive abduction.
Here, we can see the pubofemoral ligament.
04:42
We can see it here. The final ligament is the
ischiofemoral, and this is located posteriorly.
04:48
We can see it here in the posterior view.
It’s running from the ischial part of the
acetabular rim to the neck of the femur at
the base of the great trochanter. So here
we can see it running to the neck of the femur
and towards the base of the great trochanter.
05:03
We can see it here. This ligament limits the
extension and medial rotation.