00:01
Here in female
reproductive pathology,
our focus shall be
breast pathology.
00:06
We’ll be looking at the
entire breast apparatus
and remember that it’s
not just breast cancer
that is important
for you to know,
it’s all about all the different things
that may occur in terms of injury
and the changes that
might take place
even during the menstrual cycle.
00:19
Let’s begin.
00:22
We’ll begin our topic
of breast pathology
by actually looking at
developmental disorders.
00:26
Here, we have supernumerary
nipple or breasts.
00:29
What ends up happening here
is a result from persistence
of epidermal thickening
along the milk line.
00:36
It can extend from the
axilla to the perineum.
00:40
Picture that.
00:41
This is referred to as being your
supernumerary nipple or breast.
00:46
We have another important
developmental disorder.
00:48
Quickly here, we have accessory
axillary breast tissue.
00:51
As the name very much implies,
we have part of the
breast, which is now
extending over the entire
anterolateral chest wall
and into the axillary fossa.
01:02
You want to kind of
think of this analogous
to how the thyroid gland
perhaps, ectopically,
when it’s trying to develop and
migrate from the foramen cecum
down to where it
nestles in the neck,
that there might be
ectopic remnants as well.
01:14
Along the same line here, we have
accessory axilla breast tissue.
01:22
Congenital inversion of nipples:
Clinically significant
when it impairs nursing.
01:26
That’s where it becomes
really important.
01:28
For example, a newborn
is about to suckle
and, well, the nipples
are inverted.
01:34
As you are aware, it becomes
clinically significant
especially for the child
as you can imagine.
01:40
You have a condition
called macromastia.
01:42
Women develop back pain to the point
where the breasts are so large
that it actually causes
straining of the back.
01:48
So therefore, your
recommendation
and your first line of
management here would be to
to recommend those bras that have
improved or increased support
so that the prevention of back
pain can be taking place.
02:00
Remember you’re practicing
preventive medicine versus actual --
well, if it occurs too
late, then so be it,
but you're paying very close
attention to the patient’s symptoms,
you're examining them and
you have to be astute
with what may happen
in the future.
02:17
Maybe due to the body habitus,
to tissue response to hormonal
changes during puberty
is the pathogenesis
of macromastia.
02:25
The consequences however
might be back pain.
02:28
Supportive bras is a
practical recommendation.