00:00
Now let’s move on to the knee joint. And we can see
here both the bony articulations of the knee
joint on this side, and we can see the various
joint capsule and ligaments of the knee joint
over here. So we can see there are three articulations
with the knee joint. We have the femorotibial
articulations where there were two between
the lateral and medial femoral condyles and
the tibial condyles. So we can see here the
lateral condyle of the femur articulating
with the tibial condyle of the tibia, the
lateral tibial condyle. And here we can see
the articulations between the medial femoral
condyle and the medial tibial condyle.
00:43
We also have the femoropatellar articulation.
And that is between the patella and the distal
surface of the femur on its anterior surface.
The joint capsule superiorly is the margin
of the articular surface of the femoral condyles.
So the joint capsule is superior to where
the articular surface stops. Inferiorly, the
margin of the articular surface is on the
tibial plateau although it does have an opening
for the popliteus muscle. So the joint capsule
surrounds the knee joint and it surrounds the
articular surfaces. Internally, the joint
capsule is lined by this synovial membrane
consistent with synovial joint capsules, and
except where they invaginate to surround the
cruciate ligaments. So the synovial membrane
lines all of the joint capsule, but at some point,
is reflected posteriorly and they invaginate
around the cruciate ligaments. This keeps
the cruciate ligaments extrinsic, keeps them
outside of the synovial cavity. It also subdivides
the articular cavity into right and left half.
01:57
So we have the invagination as we’ll see
of the synovial membrane posteriorly.
02:04
Let’s have a look at the joint capsule and the
various ligaments of the knee joints. Here, we can
see both an anterior aspect of the knee joint
with the muscle still attached forming the
patellar tendon or the patellar ligament from
quadriceps muscle. And here we can see it
opened up to see the patellar surface and
the articular patellar surface of the femur.
02:26
Here we can see the various ligaments and
the fibrous capsule that surrounds the knee
joint where it’s been opened up here to look
into the synovial cavity. So the joint
capsule is going to be strengthened by series
of intrinsic ligaments. There’s the patellar
ligament which we can see most anteriorly,
running from the patella down to the tibial
tuberosity. And this is the distal part of
the quadriceps tendon. It receives the medial
and lateral retinacular from the medial and
lateral vasti. So we can see coming into the
patella here and passing down towards the
tibia is the medial patellar retinaculum and
the lateral patellar retinaculum. And these
are passing down from those muscles to help
reinforce the anterior aspects alongside the
patellar ligament of the knee joint. We also
have the oblique popliteal ligament, and this
is a reflected portion of the semimembranosus
tendon. Here, we have the oblique popliteal
ligament. We can see it’s running across
here. It strengthens the capsule posteriorly.
So here we have the oblique popliteal ligament.
03:43
We also have the arcuate ligament, and this
forms posterior aspects of the head of the
fibula. We can see it here. And this is also
passing over the popliteus muscle. So we can
see popliteus here and we can see the arcuate
popliteal ligament passing over in this direction.
04:02
And it is going to blend with the oblique
popliteal ligament, again, reinforcing the
posterior aspect of the knee. Here, we can
see the cut tendon of semimembranosus, and
we can see the cut medial head and lateral head
of gastrocnemius here. So the semimembranosus
would be going up in this direction, and we can
see its association with the oblique popliteal
ligament here. We then have some collateral
ligaments, the fibular and the tibial collateral