00:01
And to finish I just want to talk about
the various movements that is allowed
to occur at the upper limb. And here we can see
we have various movements occurring at
the various joints. So here we've have got the sternoclavicular
joint which allows a whole wide range of
movements. Here we can see we have got its
ability to elevate and depress the upper
limb. So we have elevation, we have depression.
We also have these movements known as protraction
and retractions where the upper limb is allowed
to the move forwards and then it's allowed to
move backwards. And these movements occur
at the sternoclavicular joint. We also if
we have a look here, have what's known as the abduction
and the adduction. Abduction is when the arm,
upper limb is moved outwards so it’s moved
in this direction. We have got abduction and then
when the upper limb is pulled back to the
trunk, we have adduction, where the upper
limb is then returned to sit alongside the
trunk. We have flexion and extension.
01:07
So we have flexion of the upper limb where we can
see the upper limb is going to move in this
direction and then we can have extension where
the upper limb can move backwards in
this direction. So flexion of the upper limb at
the elbow joints and then extension of the
upper limb at the elbow joint. We also have
what's known as internal or medial rotation
and external or lateral rotation. Internal
or medial rotation, we can see is where the
upper limb here again at the glenohumeral
joint is going to move in this direction and
then external rotation is when it's going
to move outwards. So we can see the limits
that are allowed to occur, the movements, the
limits the movements here. We can see external
rotation, we can see internal rotation.
These important movements.
01:55
I've just got a picture of a scapula here because
this shows nicely the upward and downward rotation.
02:03
If you got the upward rotation of the scapula
then the scapula head, here the glenoid cavity
is going to move in this direction. And that is going
to have the effects of pushing the inferior
angles outwards like this. So as the glenoid
cavity moves up like this enabling our upper
limb to move upwards, as if your right upper
limb is trying to scratch your left shoulder,
then your glenoid cavity is going to move
up like this and this means the inferior angle
will move down. We also have downward
rotation where if you
are trying to scratch your back, then the glenoid
cavity is going to be depressed, having this downward
rotation and the inferior angle is going to
move outwards in this direction. If we look
at the forearm and movements that are occurring
in the elbow joints and at the wrist again
at the elbow joint here we can see we are
going to have flexion, and we are going to have
extension, we are going to see here we have
supination and pronation where the forearm
here where this what's known as the mid pronate
position is going to supinate, so your palm
would be facing upwards or pronating when
your palm will be facing downwards. You can
have abduction and adduction of your fingers.
This is an important movement where your
fingers can open up and they can close. So
they can open up like this as we have abduction
or they can come together as adduction. And this
is all about a central axial line which we
can see running here. So you can see that if this
finger remain static then we have adduction,
but we can also have abduction. And because this
axial line is running in this direction you
can see it is possible for this middle finger
to abduct this way and also to abduct
that way. Adduction is when all the fingers are
returned to this axial line running down here
and lying with the middle finger. Here
we can see just simple flexion and extension
of the wrist. So we can see extension where
the wrist is going upwards and we can see
here flexion of the wrist when it is going
downwards. We can also see that we have flexion
extension of the digits occurring at the metacarpophalangeal
joints and the metacarpocarpal joints and we can
have flexion and extensions of those digits as well.
So a whole range of movements characterized
which gives the upper limb its characteristic
high level of mobility and this is created
by a whole series of muscles and these muscles
which we will talk about in later lectures
are attached to those bony landmarks that
are described.