00:00
Now let's get into
some of the different theories
of emotion.
00:06
And we are going to go over
three main theories of emotion.
00:08
And we are going to talk about
how those three components
behavioral, cognitive
and physiological components
shape that different theory.
00:16
The first we're going to start
with is the James-Lang Theory.
00:21
In this theory they support
the fact that physiological
and behavioral response
is to stimulate,
trigger the cognitive aspect
of emotion.
00:30
So let's break that
down in English for you.
00:31
So what we're saying here
is one of the first components
to take in would be
the physiological components.
00:38
So how was your body reacting
to the stimulus that's
presented in front of you.
00:42
The second component
is the behavioral response.
00:44
So behavioral really what is
your action to that stimulus.
00:48
So we're going to walk through
that example of what that means
and that might make more sense.
00:56
So we run with the bear and now
we're talking about the lion.
00:58
I guess we're having some
bad luck with animals.
01:00
So this time instead of walking
through the forest,
we just happened to be through
the jungle.
01:04
And all of sudden Simba comes
and he is presented right
in front of you.
01:08
And you're looking at Simba.
01:10
And right away physiologically
having a lion roaring at you,
you are going to get
a physiological response.
01:17
And that physiological response
with a lion, runs away,
we already talked about.
01:21
Increase heart rate, sweating,
blood pressure,
all of these will be alleviated
because you are arouse
of the situation, okay.
01:27
So second thing that's going
to happen is, you are going
to behaviorally respond
to that.
01:33
Typically that means is running
away, putting arms in the air.
01:36
You might also make the choice to
I'm going to have a nice battle
with Simba.
01:41
Because I think I can beat him.
01:42
And then that will lead to your
cognition or how you interpret
that response, okay.
01:48
So support of this includes some
examples where the sequence
of events makes sense.
01:54
So let's look at smiling.
01:57
Now if somebody asked you to
smile and you're not really
smiling to a joke that
somebody told you.
02:03
We know through evidence that
actually will change your mood.
02:09
So if I say to you right now,
with your MCAT book in front of
you, look up and smile at me.
02:15
Now, what that's doing is it's
actually activating parts of
your brain let's say,I'm smiling,
and you emotionally
start to feel a bit benefit of me
forcing you to smile, okay.
02:28
As opposed to when you are
presented with something funny.
02:33
A great joke.
02:34
Physiologically you get
a response and then
behaviorally you get a response.
02:40
That cognitively will take time
to process that and say,
"Hey that was a really
good joke."
"I'm feeling quite happy."
Now, this theory isn't perfect
as all theories
they shift over time.
02:54
We found some weaknesses
in this theory for you.
02:56
So, the first one is that
each emotion originates
some distinctive physiological
states.
03:02
So that's really not the truth.
03:04
We know that many emotional
states will have very similar
physiological patterns.
03:09
Let's have a look at two
that are quite common
fear and sexual arousal.
03:13
Sometimes they go hand in hand.
03:14
Most of the time
they are separate.
03:16
So when you're scared
of something,
you are going to have
increasing heart rate.
03:20
You are going to
have that sweating.
03:21
You are going to have
an increase in blood pressure.
03:24
But you are going to see a lot
of those same physiological
patterns if you're sexually
aroused.
03:29
You see your beautiful wife
or husband across the street.
03:34
The first time you saw them.
03:35
You know, may be your heart
skipped a beat.
03:37
May be that sweaty palms.
03:38
You were very excited
by this person.
03:40
Physiologically the patterns
are identical but the emotion
is different, okay.
03:45
So that's one weakness.
03:46
Because the James-Lang theory
would be unable to explain
that phenomenon.
03:52
The second thing is
the assumption of how we possess
the ability to label
physiological states accurately.
03:57
We also cannot do that.
03:58
So physiological states can
be interpreted differently
based on the contexts.
04:03
Anxiety versus excitement.
04:04
And this brings us back to
sort of the bear versus a party.
04:08
And both of these scenarios
are completely different.
04:11
But the states can be
interpreted differently
based on that context.
04:18
Now, next theory I'm going
to look at
is the Cannon-Bard theory.
04:21
And here we are looking
at some similar components.
04:24
It's always going to be same
components.
04:25
But it's sort of the order.
04:27
So here in the Cannon-Bard
theory, we're saying
physiological and cognitive
responses to a stimuli
occur simultaneously
and independently.
04:34
So in the previous model
they happened in sequence.
04:36
In here they are
happening in parallel.
04:38
So what we are saying that when
we are presented with stimulus,
physiological and cognitive
responses will happen
simultaneously.
04:46
They are going to get processed
independently and that will lead
to a behavioral reaction.
04:50
Okay, so we're saying physiological,
cognitive happening
at the same time.
04:55
And this leads to a behavioral
reaction.
04:57
As opposed to the previous one,
things were happening
in sequence.
05:00
This model is able to explain
the overlap in physiological
states between emotions.
05:06
So for example, fear and sexual
arousal, because they are
happening in parallel, you could
have that similar physiological
response for having different
ultimate emotional experience.
05:16
The issue here those who are
unable to explain the phenomenon
which behavior responses
and influences the physiological
and cognitive aspect of emotion.
05:24
So back to back smiling
example.
05:25
Is that this model would be
unable to explain how just
smiling in itself, me telling
you right now to smile
will actually lead to increase
states of happiness.
05:35
So we'll be unable to actually
explain that using this model.
05:38
So we again know that
this model isn't perfect.
05:41
But it's another way to explain
the ultimate end goal
which is explaining our emotion.
05:48
The third one is
Schachter-Singer Theory.
05:51
And what we're saying here
is that physiological arousal
leads to conscious cognitive
interpretation
based on circumstance.
05:57
So now again we further
complicate the model here.
06:00
And we're saying that we're
going to look at the situation
based in front of us
and we are going to
interpret that situation.
06:05
And that will then go on to
feedback to allow us to assess
what is the appropriate
emotion to assign.
06:12
So, this model is good in
explaining the overlap
in physiological states
between emotions such as fear
and sexual arousal.
06:22
So again in the previous example
we said how do we explain
the fact that two completely
different scenarios,
very similar physiological
states,
that emotion associated which
each is different.
06:32
Well this model will allow us
to do it because we're saying
that there is a cognitive
interpretation
in this situation.
06:38
So again in English we're
saying, we are trying to figure
out what's happening right now
in front of us.
06:43
And that will then go back to
feedback and shape the ultimate
emotion that we are going
to express.
06:47
So are you scared right now?
Or are you sexually aroused?
This model however, is unable to
explain the phenomenon on which
behavioral responses influences
the physical and cognitive
aspects of emotion.
07:00
So again how can we explain.
07:02
How do this model explain
or really can't,
how smiling leads to happiness.
07:06
Because if I'm telling you
right now to smile,
theoretically you should be
able to say,
"Well, this is a fake smile,
that I'm giving to you
right now."
"So how am I actually experiencing
happiness."
I really shouldn't
because I should know that
this is a fake smile.
07:22
So sometimes you are in
a scenario where you actually
having to fake smiles.
07:26
So meeting your girlfriend's
parents for the first time.
07:30
Hi, Mr. Johnson how are you?
And really inside,
you are not happy.
07:33
You are scared.
07:35
But you are expressing
happiness.
07:37
And overtime that eases some of
the tension that you feeling.
07:41
And that fake smile can
actually turn into
a little bit of happiness.
07:45
Well this model wouldn't necessary
be able to explain that
because according to this model,
you cognitively would be aware
of the fact that you were
extremely scared right now.
07:53
There should be no improvement
in happiness in that emotion.
07:59
Now let's walk through each of
these and we are going to look
at them schematically and we
look at how they differentiate
between what I just showed you.
08:08
So in the James-Lang theory,
we are presented with,
we say emotional inducing
stimulus, in English a scenario.
08:14
So a bear.
08:16
Now we know in this model
that we are going to
have a physiological response
and a behavioral response.
08:22
And then that is going to lead
to a cognitive interpretation
of the situation which gives
us our emotion, okay.
08:30
Now in the Cannon-Bard theory,
we are again going
to have the bear,
but we are going to have
physiological response,
and we are going to have
a conscious interpretation
of what's happening in
front of us.
08:41
That will go on to lead
to a behavioral response
which will ultimately lead
to the eventual emotion
that we want to express.
08:48
And then in the third model,
we see that we have our bear.
08:52
We have physiological response.
08:54
And now we have an
interpretation of that response
which leads to the labeling
of emotion and the resultant
the behavioral response.
09:01
So I want you to realize here
that we have three models,
looking at the same three
components,
but in terms of sequence
of events
and how each influences
the previous,
we have a different explanation
of how we actually label
and experience that emotion.