Miscellaneous Skin Disorders

Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, is a common disorder of the pilosebaceous units in adolescents and young adults. The condition occurs due to follicular hyperkeratinization, excess sebum production, follicular colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Acne can present as open or closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts. The diagnosis is based on clinical exam. Management depends on the severity, but includes skin care techniques, topical therapies, antibiotics, and retinoids.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition due to the occlusion and rupture of hair follicles. Most commonly, it occurs due to occlusion of the follicular component of pilosebaceous units (PSUs). The condition is characterized by the formation of deep-seated skin nodules, abscesses, fistulas, draining sinuses, and scarring, which most often occurs in intertriginous regions. The diagnosis of HS is primarily clinical. Management includes lifestyle counseling regarding weight loss and smoking cessation, as well as medical treatment with antibiotics, and retinoids, and biologic agents and some surgical options, primarily unroofing the lesions and wide local excision.[1-6] Untreated HS can result in fibrosis, with severe scarring and contractures as potential complications.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that is associated with capillary hyperreactivity. This condition is predominantly seen in middle-aged women and is more common in fair-skinned patients. Patients may have facial erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, papules, pustules, phymatous changes, and ocular manifestations. The diagnosis is clinical. Management includes avoidance of triggers, gentle skincare, topical (and/or oral) antibiotics, and laser (or surgical) therapies.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common chronic, relapsing skin disorder that presents as erythematous plaques with greasy, yellow scales in susceptible areas (scalp, face, and trunk). Seborrheic dermatitis has a biphasic incidence, occurring in two peaks: first in infants, then in adolescence and early adulthood. Although the exact etiology is unknown, pathologic mechanisms have been observed involving the sebaceous glands and Malassezia on the skin. Topical medications are used for acute exacerbation or maintenance treatment. These options aim to inhibit skin colonization (antifungal agents), reduce inflammation (steroids, calcineurin inhibitors), and loosen scales and crusts (keratolytic agents). Severe and refractory seborrheic dermatitis may warrant the use of systemic antifungal medications.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common chronic, relapsing skin disorder that presents as erythematous plaques with greasy, yellow scales in susceptible areas (scalp, face, and trunk). Seborrheic dermatitis has a biphasic incidence, occurring in two peaks: first in infants, then in adolescence and early adulthood. Although the exact etiology is unknown, pathologic mechanisms have been observed involving the sebaceous glands and Malassezia on the skin. Topical medications are used for acute exacerbation or maintenance treatment. These options aim to inhibit skin colonization (antifungal agents), reduce inflammation (steroids, calcineurin inhibitors), and loosen scales and crusts (keratolytic agents). Severe and refractory seborrheic dermatitis may warrant the use of systemic antifungal medications.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that is associated with capillary hyperreactivity. This condition is predominantly seen in middle-aged women, and is more common in fair-skinned patients. Patients may have facial erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, papules, pustules, phymatous changes, and ocular manifestations. The diagnosis is clinical. Management includes avoidance of triggers, gentle skincare, topical (and/or oral) antibiotics, and laser (or surgical) therapies.

Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, is a common disorder of the pilosebaceous units in adolescents and young adults. The condition occurs due to follicular hyperkeratinization, excess sebum production, follicular colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, and inflammation. Acne can present as open or closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts. The diagnosis is based on clinical exam. Management depends on the severity, but includes skin care techniques, topical therapies, antibiotics, and retinoids.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition due to the inflammation of apocrine sweat glands and hair follicles. Most commonly, it occurs due to occlusion of the follicular component of pilosebaceous units (PSUs). The condition is characterized by the formation of abscesses, fistulas, draining skin lesions, keloids, and pilonidal sinuses. The diagnosis of HS is primarily clinical. Management includes lifestyle counseling regarding weight loss and smoking cessation, as well as medical treatment with antibiotics and retinoids. Untreated HS can result in fibrosis with scarring of the skin as a complication.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory condition that causes immune-complex deposition in organs, resulting in systemic manifestations. Women, particularly those of African American descent, are more commonly affected. The clinical presentation can vary greatly. Notable clinical features include malar rash, nondestructive arthritis, lupus nephritis, serositis, cytopenia, thromboembolic disease, seizures, and/or psychosis. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, and includes tests to determine ANAs, SLE-specific antibodies, and specific clinical findings. The goal of management is to control symptoms and prevent organ damage, using corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, and immunosuppressants.

Alopecia is the loss of hair in areas anywhere on the body where hair normally grows. Alopecia may be defined as scarring or non-scarring, localized or diffuse, congenital or acquired, reversible or permanent, or confined to the scalp or universal; however, alopecia is usually classified using the 1st 3 factors. The etiologies of alopecia are usually divided into disorders in which the hair follicle is abnormal or damaged and those in which the hair follicle is normal but the cycling of hair growth is abnormal. The most common presentations are androgenetic hair loss, alopecia areata, traction alopecia, tinea capitis, and telogen effluvium. Diagnosis is made through a positive medical history and physical exam findings. Treatment depends on the type and potential for regrowth.